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This research was conducted to develop and characterize a competitive ELISA for bovine serum growth hormone-binding protein (GHBP) using recombinant bovine GHBP and a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. In addition to bovine, however, the assay was found to measure some activity in equine, chicken, porcine, ovine, and human sera. The reference standard curve had an effective range of 3 to 200 ng/mL. Recovery of increasing amounts of GHBP added to ovine serum was 103% but seemed to overestimate the amount of GHBP at low concentrations (intercept = 2.5 ng/mL). Recovery from bovine and porcine serum was near ideal but seems to be overestimated at concentrations higher than 50 ng/microL. Within and between assay coefficients of variation were 12.1 and 18.9%, respectively, for a sheep serum pool. Neither exogenous GH (20 ng/mL) nor prolactin (100 ng/mL) interfered with the measurement of GHBP in serum. The GHBP activity measured in increasing doses of serum from ovine, porcine, and bovine inhibited the assay in a parallel manner. This observation suggests that the GHBP antiserum contains antibodies that are directed toward epitopes of GHBP, which are common among these species. Serum GHBP concentrations were similar among samples from a line of miniature Brahman and normal stature Brahman and Angus cattle. In mature ewes, there were no differences in serum GHBP among three different breed types. An increase (P < .0001) in serum GHBP was observed in pigs between 1 and 6 mo of age but no sex effect was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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TLC of total cellular lipids showed that 3T3-L1 cells predominantly accumulate triglycerides. GH and insulin principally regulated glucose utilization for synthesis of the fatty acid portion of 3T3-L1 triglycerides, with little effect on glucose utilization for synthesis of other lipids or triglyceride glycerol. Gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (MS) showed that 50% of 3T3-L1 triglyceride fatty acids are 16-carbon chains. However, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were unusual, in that 20% of their triglyceride fatty acids were C15 or C17 in length, observed by both MS of saponified triglycerides and electrospray MS of intact triglycerides. Gas chromatographic analysis of 14C-labeled fatty acids showed 3T3-L1 utilization of [14C]glucose for synthesis of C15 and C16 fatty acids. Insulin and GH regulated the amount of [14C]glucose incorporation into C15 and C16 fatty acids without altering their relative ratio. GH antagonized all studied insulin-regulated events. GH antagonism of insulin-stimulated 3T3-L1 glucose transport, glucose oxidation, and glucose utilization for lipid synthesis reached a plateau of 50-60% inhibition at 0.1-0.2 nM. Insulin, at 0.1 nM, suppressed 3T3-L1 generation of glycerol from lipolysis by approximately 50%. GH, between 0.04-1.0 nM, fully reversed the insulin-inhibited lipolysis, although GH did not stimulate lipolysis beyond that in untreated control cultures. The results suggest that GH regulates a very early event in the insulin signal transduction pathway, such that is affects all insulin-responsive processes to essentially the same extent.

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Specific binding sites for bovine placental lactogen (bPL) and the lactogenic hormone, prolactin, have been detected in endometrial membranes isolated from uteri of mid-pregnant heifers. The specific binding of human growth hormone (hGH) (used to monitor the presence of lactogenic binding sites) and of bPL was increased approximately 4-fold following treatment of the membranes with 4 M MgCl2. Binding was found to be ligand specific, membrane protein concentration-, time- and temperature-dependent and reversible. Scatchard analysis of bPL and hGH competition binding data revealed curvilinear plots with dissociation constants for the high affinity sites of 4.1 x 10(-11) M and 6.4 x 10(-11) M, respectively. The maximum capacity of binding of bPL at the high affinity site was 21 fmol/mg). membrane protein while approximately twice the level of binding was measured for hGH (39 fmol/mg). Both hGH and bGH, but not ovine prolactin, competed with [125I]bPL for binding. The concentrations of hGH and bGH needed to effectively compete were however 100-fold higher than those required for unlabeled bPL. No specific binding of radiolabeled bGH was detected in endometrial tissue suggesting the absence of bGH receptors. Preferential competition of [125I]hGH binding was observed by prolactin and bPL. From these data it may be inferred that hGH binding is indicative of the presence of both lactogenic (prolactin) and bPL binding sites in endometrial tissue. The presence of distinct bPL receptors in the endometrium from mid-pregnant cows suggests a possible role for bPL in the maintenance of pregnancy.

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[32P]pp15, the [32P]phosphorylated form of a specific cytosolic substrate of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, was purified to homogeneity from mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes incubated with 32Pi. Evidence presented here and previously indicates that pp15 contains a single phosphotyrosine residue. Alkylated [32P]pp15 was subjected to limited digestion with trypsin, after which three incompletely digested tryptic [32P]phosphopeptides were purified for analysis. Amino acid and radiochemical sequence analysis of the [32P]phosphopeptides revealed that pp15 is the phosphorylation product of 422(aP2) protein, a 15-kDa adipocyte protein previously sequenced in this laboratory from the corresponding cDNA.

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The possible involvement of a 15-kDa phosphotyrosyl protein, pp15, in insulin action was investigated by using the insulin-mimetic agent, vanadate. Vanadate, a phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, was found to mimic insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by three criteria. First, kinetic and concentration-dependence studies verified the insulin-like effect of vanadate in activating 2-deoxyglucose uptake. Insulin had an additive activating effect at a submaximal vanadate concentration, but showed no further activation at a saturating vanadate concentration. The trivalent arsenical, phenylarsine oxide (PAO) which forms complexes with vicinal dithiols, markedly inhibited vanadate-activated hexose transport in agreement with our previous studies in which PAO abolished the insulin-activated component of sugar uptake. Second, in situ phosphorylation experiments showed that vanadate activated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor's beta-subunit. Exposure of vanadate-treated cells to PAO further increased the level of beta-subunit phosphorylation. The increased level of phosphorylation in the presence of PAO occurred only on tyrosyl residues. Third, vanadate caused the accumulation of a phosphorylated 15-kDa protein in the presence of PAO, but not in its absence. The characteristics of this protein were identical to those of pp15: 1) both proteins behaved identically by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, 2) digestion of both proteins with trypsin gave rise to apparently identical phosphopeptides, and 3) both proteins contained phosphotyrosine as the only phosphoamino acid. The results indicate that both vanadate and insulin stimulate the accumulation of pp15 in the presence of PAO. The dithiol,2,3-dimercaptopropanol, but not a monothiol, reversed the effects of PAO on the inhibition of vanadate-induced hexose transport and the accumulation of pp15, thus implicating a vicinal dithiol in these actions of vanadate and insulin. Our results support the hypothesis that turnover of the phosphoryl group of pp15, a product of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase action, is coupled to signal transmission to the glucose transport system.

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Insulin stimulates phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue(s) on a 15-kDa protein (p15), and the cytosolic phosphorylated protein (pp15) accumulates only when 3T3-L1 adipocytes are treated with phenylarsine oxide. It has been shown previously that phenylarsine oxide, an agent that complexes vicinal dithiols, interrupts signal transmission from the insulin receptor to the glucose transport system. Several lines of evidence presented here indicate the involvement of pp15 in insulin receptor-initiated signal transduction to the glucose transport system. The reciprocal effects of phenylarsine oxide on the insulin-activated accumulation of pp15 and on insulin-stimulated hexose uptake are reversed by the vicinal dithiol 2,3-dimercaptopropanol but not by the monothiol 2-mercaptoethanol. Thus, a cellular dithiol appears to function in the signal transmission pathway downstream from pp15. Like the insulin-activated autophosphorylation of the receptor's beta subunit (on tyrosine), activation of phosphorylation of p15 is specific, with insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2, epidermal growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor being inactive. Moreover, both processes exhibit identical insulin concentration dependence. The temporal kinetic relationship of insulin-activated receptor beta-subunit phosphorylation, followed by the phosphorylation of p15 and then increased hexose uptake rate, is consistent with an intermediary signaling role for pp15 in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.

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A reconstitution procedure has been developed for the incorporation of the mitochondrial F0.F1-ATPase into the bilayer of egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The nonionic detergent, octylglucoside, egg phosphatidylcholine, and the lipid-deficient, oligomycin-sensitive F0.F1-ATPase (Serrano, R., Kanner, B., and Racker, E. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2453-2461) were combined in a 4770:320:1 detergent/phospholipid/protein molar ratio and then centrifuged on a discontinuous sucrose gradient to isolate the F0.F1-phosphatidylcholine complex. The specific activity of the reconstituted F0.F1-ATPase was as high as 14.5 mumol/min/mg protein, whereas with no added lipid the activity ranged between 1.4 and 2.2 mumol/min/mg protein. This reconstituted preparation exhibited greater than 90% oligomycin sensitivity which demonstrated the intactness of the multisubunit enzyme complex. The phosphatidylcholine/protein molar ratio of the reconstituted F0.F1 was 250:1 with less than 0.4% of the added octylglucoside remaining. Titrations with both phosphatidylcholine and octylglucoside demonstrated that the specific activity and oligomycin sensitivity were highly dependent on the concentrations of both phospholipid and detergent in the original reconstitution mixture. Analysis of the reconstituted ATPase by electron microscopy demonstrated that the catalytic portion of the enzyme complex projected from the phospholipid bilayer with an orientation similar to that observed with submitochondrial particles. The F0.F1-phosphatidylcholine complex was able to trap inulin, which suggests a vesicular structure impermeable to macromolecules. The electrophoretic mobility of the complex was identical to that for liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine alone. The reconstitution conditions utilized give rise to an enzyme-phospholipid complex with very low ionic charge that demonstrates high oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity.

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Beef heart mitochondrial F0.F1-ATPase was reconstituted into phospholipid liposomes using the octylglucoside solubilization, discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation procedure described in the preceding manuscript (Laird, D., Smith Eble, K., and Cunningham, C. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 14844-14850). The influence of individual phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG)) on the kinetic parameters related to ATPase activity were investigated. The specific activities for the PC, PE, and DPG reconstituted preparations were 9.8, 6.8, and 7.6 mumol of ATP hydrolyzed per min/mg of protein, respectively. The F0.F1-DPG complex demonstrated a 40% decrease in the Km for ATP. Both the F0.F1-PC and the F0.F1-PE complexes exhibited Ki values for adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate and guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate approximately 2.5 times lower than those obtained in the absence of exogenous phospholipid. The F0.F1-DPG complex displayed Ki values 11.7- and 1.8-fold lower for adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate and guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate, respectively, as compared to the lipid-depleted enzyme. The phospholipids with which F0.F1 were reconstituted also influenced the ATP-induced decrease in the fluorescence of enzyme-associated aurovertin. The rate of the ATP-elicited decrease in aurovertin fluorescence was accelerated in the presence of all three phospholipids with DPG having the most dramatic effect; the t1/2 for maximal decrease in aurovertin fluorescence was 4.3 s for lipid-deficient enzyme and 0.48 s with the F0.F1-DPG complex. The effects of phospholipids on these parameters associated with the catalytic center of the ATPase suggest that phospholipids can modulate catalytic events occurring in F1. In the intact mitochondrion the primary role of phospholipids may be to stabilize conformations of the enzyme consistent with its range of activities.

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