RESUMEN

Objective.This study aims to use recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) of uterine vectormyometriogram (VMG) created from the slow wave (SW) and high wave (HW) bands of electrohysterogram (EHG) signals and assess the directionality of the EHG activity (horizontal orX, vertical orY) in normal-weight (NW) and overweight (OW) women during the first stage of labor.Approach. The study involved 41 parturient women (NW = 21 and OW = 20) during the first stage of labor, all of whom were attended at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital of the Maternal and Child Institute of the State of Mexico in Toluca, Mexico. Twenty-minute EHG signals were analyzed in horizontal and vertical directions. Linear and nonlinear indices such as dominant frequency (Dom), Sample Entropy (SampEn), and RQA measures of VMG were computed for SW and HW bands.Main results. Significant differences in SampEn and Dom were observed in the SW band between NW and OW in bothXandYdirections, indicating more regular dynamics of electrical uterine activity and a higher Dom in NW parturient women compared to OW women. Additionally, the RQA indices calculated from the VMG of SW were consistent and revealed that NW women exhibit more regular dynamics compared to OW women.Significance. The study demonstrates that RQA of VMG signals and EHG directionality differentiate uterine activity between NW and OW women during the first stage of labor. These findings suggest that the uterine vector may become more periodic, predictable, and stable in NW women compared to OW women. This highlights the importance of tailored clinical strategies for managing labor in OW women to improve maternal and infant outcomes.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Introduction: Fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) is a tool used to investigate the functioning of the fetal autonomic nervous system. Despite the significance of preeclampsia, fHRV during the latent phase of labor has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to evaluate fetal cardiac autonomic activity by using linear and nonlinear indices of fHRV analysis in women diagnosed with preeclampsia without hypertensive treatment during gestation, compared to normotensive women during the latent phase of labor. Methods: A cross-sectional and exploratory study was conducted among pregnant women in the latent phase of labor, forming three study groups: normotensive or control (C, 38.8 ± 1.3 weeks of pregnancy, n = 22), preeclampsia with moderate features (P, 37.6 ± 1.4 weeks of pregnancy n = 10), and preeclampsia with severe features (SP, 36.9 ± 1.2 weeks of pregnancy, n = 12). None of the participants received anti-hypertensive treatment during their pregnancy. Linear and nonlinear features of beat-to-beat fHRV, including temporal, frequency, symbolic dynamics, and entropy measures, were analyzed to compare normotensive and preeclamptic groups. Results: Significantly lower values of multiscale entropy (MSE) and short-term complexity index (Ci) were observed in the preeclamptic groups compared to the C group (p < 0.05). Additionally, higher values of SDNN (standard deviation of R-R intervals) and higher values of low-frequency power (LF) were found in the P group compared to the C group. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that changes in the complexity of fetal heart rate fluctuations may indicate possible disruptions in the autonomic nervous system of fetuses in groups affected by undiagnosed preeclampsia during pregnancy. Reduced complexity and shifts in fetal autonomic cardiac activity could be associated with preeclampsia's pathophysiological mechanisms during the latent phase of labor.

RESUMEN

Oxytocin has shown cardioprotective effects during inflammation and may modify the core body temperature changes in LPS-induced endotoxemia. Notably, the time series analysis of core body temperature fluctuations may indicate thermoregulation alterations. This study aims to assess the effects of oxytocin on changes in the core body temperature by analyzing the fluctuations of the temperature time series of endotoxemic rats. Twelve hours of continuous core body temperature fluctuations time series were obtained from adult male Dark Agouti rats implanted with a telemetric transmitter under the following treatment: lipopolysaccharide (LPS); oxytocin (O); lipopolysaccharide + oxytocin (LPS + O), and vehicle or control (C). The temperature fluctuations time series were analyzed using the Extended Poincaré Plot Analysis (EPPA), a novel approach for measuring nonlinear features, to compute the autocorrelation by Pearson's correlation coefficient r, the standard deviation perpendicular to the line of identity (SD1), and the standard deviation parallel to the line of identity (SD2). The autocorrelation of the temperature fluctuations assessed by Pearson's coefficient was significantly higher in the LPS group compared to control rats (C). Likewise, the co-administration of oxytocin during endotoxemia (LPS + O) significantly reduced the autocorrelation and increased the short-term variability (SD1) of temperature fluctuations compared to those recorded with a single dose of LPS. Thus, we concluded that oxytocin may introduce thermoregulatory changes under LPS-induced endotoxemia. The EPPA is a simple and powerful approach to assess physiological variability that can provide valuable insights into changes in thermoregulation.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Bradycardia, frequently observed in preterm infants, presents significant risks due to the immaturity of their autonomic nervous system (ANS) and respiratory systems. These infants may face cardiorespiratory events, leading to severe complications like hypoxemia and neurodevelopmental disorders. Although neonatal care has advanced, the influence of bradycardia on cardiorespiratory coupling (CRC) remains elusive. This exploratory study delves into CRC in preterm infants, emphasizing disparities between events with and without bradycardia. Using the Preterm Infant Cardio-Respiratory Signals (PICS) database, we analyzed interbeat (R-R) and inter-breath intervals (IBI) from 10 preterm infants. The time series were segmented into bradycardic (B) and non-bradycardic (NB) segments. Employing information theory measures, we quantified the irregularity of cardiac and respiratory time series. Notably, B segments had significantly lower entropy values for R-R and IBI than NB segments, while mutual information was higher in NB segments. This could imply a reduction in the complexity of respiratory and cardiac dynamics during bradycardic events, potentially indicating weaker CRC. Building on these insights, this research highlights the distinctive physiological characteristics of preterm infants and underscores the potential of emerging non-invasive diagnostic tools.

RESUMEN

Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) has been linked to the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring, such as cognitive deficits, behavioral abnormalities, and mental disorders. Pre-eclampsia is associated with an activation of the immune system characterized by persistently elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as a decrease in immunoregulatory factors. The Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway (CAP) may play a relevant role in regulating the maternal inflammatory response during pre-eclampsia and protecting the developing fetus from inflammation-induced damage. Dysregulation in the CAP has been associated with the clinical evolution of pre-eclampsia. Some studies suggest that therapeutic stimulation of this pathway may improve maternal and fetal outcomes in preclinical models of pre-eclampsia. Modulation of vagal activity influences the CAP, improving maternal hemodynamics, limiting the inflammatory response, and promoting the growth of new neurons, which enhances synaptic plasticity and improves fetal neurodevelopment. Therefore, we postulate that modulation of vagal activity may improve maternal and fetal outcomes in pre-eclampsia by targeting underlying immune dysregulation and promoting better fetal neurodevelopment. In this perspective, we explore the clinical and experimental evidence of electrical, pharmacological, physical, and biological stimulation mechanisms capable of inducing therapeutical CAP, which may be applied in pre-eclampsia to improve the mother's and offspring's quality of life.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: Cardiorespiratory coupling (CRC) is a physiological phenomenon that reflects the mutual interaction between the cardiac and respiratory control systems. It is mainly associated with efferent vagal activity from the central autonomic network. Few studies have explored the autonomic changes of CRC in preeclampsia, a critical obstetric complication related to possible autonomic dysfunctions and inflammatory disturbances. This study examined the autonomic mechanisms of CRC in women with severe and moderate preeclampsia and healthy controls by applying nonlinear methods based on information theory, such as mutual information (MI) and Renyi's mutual information (RMI) and the linear and nonlinear analysis of the Pulse-Respiration Quotient (PRQ). Methods: We studied three groups of parturient women in the third trimester of pregnancy with a clinical diagnosis of preeclampsia without severe symptoms (P, 38.5 ± 1.4 weeks of pregnancy, n=19), preeclampsia with severe symptoms (SP, 37.5 ± 0.9 weeks of pregnancy, n=22), and normotensive control women (C, 39.1 ± 1.3 weeks of pregnancy, n=20). 10-minutes of abdominal electrocardiograms (ECG) and respiratory signals (RESP) were recorded in all the participants. Subsequently, we obtained the maternal beat-to-beat (RR) and breath-to-breath (BB) time series from ECG and RESP, respectively. The CRC between RR and BB was quantified by nonlinear methods based on information theory, such as MI and RMI, along with the analysis of the novel index of PRQ. Subsequently, we computed the mean PRQ (mPRQ) and the normalized permutation entropy (nPermEn_PRQ) from the PRQ time series generated from BB and RR. In addition, we examined the vagal activity in the three groups by the logarithm of the median of the distribution of the absolute values of successive RR differences (logRSA). Results: The MI and RMI values were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the preeclamptic groups compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were found between the preeclamptic groups. The logRSA and nPermEn_PRQ indices were significantly lower (p<0.05) in SP compared to C and P. Conclusion: Our data suggest that parturient women with severe and mild preeclampsia may manifest an altered cardiorespiratory coupling compared with normotensive control women. Disrupted CRC in severe preeclampsia could be associated with vagal withdrawal and less complex cardiorespiratory dynamics. The difference in vagal activity between the preeclamptic groups may suggest a further reduction in vagal activity associated with the severity of the disease.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Most COVID-19 survivors report experiencing at least one persistent symptom after recovery, including sympathovagal imbalance. Relaxation techniques based on slow-paced breathing have proven to be beneficial for cardiovascular and respiratory dynamics in healthy subjects and patients with various diseases. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the cardiorespiratory dynamics by linear and nonlinear analysis of photoplethysmographic and respiratory time series on COVID-19 survivors under a psychophysiological assessment that includes slow-paced breathing. We analyzed photoplethysmographic and respiratory signals of 49 COVID-19 survivors to assess breathing rate variability (BRV), pulse rate variability (PRV), and pulse-respiration quotient (PRQ) during a psychophysiological assessment. Additionally, a comorbidity-based analysis was conducted to evaluate group changes. Our results indicate that all BRV indices significantly differed when performing slow-paced breathing. Nonlinear parameters of PRV were more appropriate for identifying changes in breathing patterns than linear indices. Furthermore, the mean and standard deviation of PRQ exhibited a significant increase while sample and fuzzy entropies decreased during diaphragmatic breathing. Thus, our findings suggest that slow-paced breathing may improve the cardiorespiratory dynamics of COVID-19 survivors in the short term by enhancing cardiorespiratory coupling via increased vagal activity.

RESUMEN

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen, often associated with nosocomial infections. Ten S. maltophilia were isolated from clinical samples during the period January 2021 and June 2022. Eight (80%) patients had cancer as a background disease and 2 patients had coronavirus disease 2019. A fatal outcome was recorded in 4 cases (40% of patients). All the isolates were susceptible to minocycline and levofloxacin. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftazidime resistance rates were 20% and 40% respectively. Eight different patterns were observed by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, only two isolates being clonally identical. The isolation of S. maltophilia in clinical settings requires the implementation of infection prevention measures.

RESUMEN

Introduction: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 co-infected with multiple multidrug-resistant bacteria. Methods: Patients hospitalized in the AUNA network between January and May 2021, diagnosed with COVID-19 and at least two other infecting microorganisms, were retrospectively included in the analysis. Clinical and epidemiological data were extracted from clinical records. The susceptibility levels of the microorganisms were determined using automated methods. Antibiotic resistance was established among infecting bacteria accounting for ≥5 isolates. Results: A total of 27 patients (21 male and 6 female patients) met the inclusion criteria, with a maximum of eight co-infecting bacteria or fungi during admission time. Seven patients (25.9%) died, with a higher but not significant lethality among women (50% vs. 19.0%). A total of 15 patients presented at least one established comorbidity, with hypertension being the most frequent. The time elapsed between COVID-19 diagnosis and hospital attendance was 7.0 days, with that of patients with a fatal outcome being longer than that of living patients (10.6 vs. 5.4). Up to 20 different microorganisms were isolated, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most common (34 isolates). In general, antibiotic resistance levels were high, especially in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, with resistance levels of 88.9% to all antimicrobial agents tested, except colistin (0%). Conclusion: In conclusion, the present results show the presence of multiple microorganisms that co-infect COVID-19 patients. When fatal outcome rates are in the range of other reports, the presence of a series of multidrug-resistant microorganisms is of concern, showing the need to reinforce control measures to limit the expansion of almost untreatable microorganisms.

RESUMEN

The presence of crpP was established in 201 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from 9 Peruvian hospitals. The 76.6% (154/201) of the isolates presented the crpP gene. Overall, 123/201 (61.2%) isolates were non-susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The prevalence of crpP-possessing P. aeruginosa in Peru is higher than in other geographical areas.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: It is known that acceleration and deceleration patterns in heart rate variability (HRV) are asymmetrically distributed in healthy subjects. Accordingly, novel approaches for assessing the asymmetrical properties of HRV, such as the multiscale asymmetry (MSA), have been applied in the perinatal field. OBJECTIVE: To study the asymmetry of accelerations and decelerations of maternal short-term cardiac dynamics of thirty-six normotensive and preeclamptic women during labor/nonlabor by MSA analysis. METHODS: The RR interval time series obtained from these participants were classified into four groups: normotensive (control) without labor C-NL, n= 10; control with labor C-L, n= 10; and two preeclamptic groups with absence or presence of labor P-NL, n= 6; and P-L, n= 10, respectively. Multiscale indices of heart rate asymmetry (HRA) such as Porta (P%), Guzik (G%) and Ehlers (E) were used to explore the changes of HRA in the normotensive and preeclamptic groups in the presence or absence of labor. RESULTS: The main result of this study shows that preeclamptic women manifest decreased magnitude of decelerations of heart rate dynamics compared to normotensive women indicated by G% and E. We speculate that a lower cardiac parasympathetic response may be manifested in preeclamptic women during labor/nonlabor compared to normotensive women. CONCLUSIONS: These observations represented a new insight into the autonomic cardiovascular regulation in preeclampsia, which could contribute to the perinatal field in the future.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In healthy women at reproductive age, the vaginal microbiota is mainly dominated by Lactobacillus bacteria during pregnancy and non-pregnancy stages. However, little is known about longitudinal changes within the vaginal microbiota composition from the third trimester of pregnancy to childbirth in healthy women. Thus, we conducted an exploratory longitudinal study of vaginal microbiota composition of 10 Mexican pregnant women, sampling from the same volunteer at two-time points: third trimester of pregnancy and active childbirth. Vaginal bacterial microbiota was characterized by V3-16S rDNA libraries by high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics methods. Out of ten, vaginal microbiota from eight women was dominated by the Lactobacillus genus at both time points, whereas the other two women showed vaginal microbiota composition with high abundance of genera Gardnerella, Prevotella, and members of the Atopobiaceae family, without any preterm birth correlation. Importantly, we found no statistically significant differences in relative abundances, absolute reads count, alpha and beta diversity between the third trimester of pregnancy, and active childbirth time points. However, compared to the third trimester of pregnancy, we observed a trend with higher absolute reads counts for Gardnerella, Faecalibaculum, Ileibacterium, and Lactococcus genus at active childbirth and lower absolute reads count of Lactobacillus genus. Our results suggest that the vaginal microbiota composition is stable, and Lactobacillus genus is the dominant taxa in Mexican women's vagina at the third trimester of pregnancy and childbirth.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Stress has become a common condition and is one of the chief causes of university course disenrollment. Most of the studies and tests on academic stress have been conducted in research labs or controlled environments, but these tests can not be extended to a real academic environment due to their complexity. Academic stress presents different associated symptoms, anxiety being one of the most common. This study focuses on anxiety derived from academic activities. This study aims to validate the following hypothesis: by using a non-contact method based on the use of remote photoplethysmography (rPPG), it is possible to identify academic stress levels with an accuracy greater than or equal to that of previous works which used contact methods. rPPG signals from 56 first-year engineering undergraduate students were recorded during an experimental task. The results show that the rPPG signals combined with students' demographic data and psychological scales (the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) improve the accuracy of different classification methods. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the proposed method provides 96% accuracy by using K-nearest neighbors, J48, and random forest classifiers. The performance metrics show better or equal accuracy compared to other contact methods. In general, this study demonstrates that it is possible to implement a low-cost method for identifying academic stress levels in educational environments.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Introduction: Despite vast research, premature birth's electrophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Prediction of preterm birth contributes to child survival by providing timely and skilled care to both mother and child. Electrohysterography is an affordable, noninvasive technique that has been highly sensitive in diagnosing preterm labor. This study aimed to choose the more appropriate combination of characteristics, such as electrode channel and bandwidth, as well as those linear, time-frequency, and nonlinear features of the electrohysterogram (EHG) for predicting preterm birth using classifiers. Methods: We analyzed two open-access datasets of 30 minutes of EHG obtained in regular checkups of women around 31 weeks of pregnancy who experienced premature labor (P) and term labor (T). The current approach filtered the raw EHGs in three relevant frequency subbands (0.3-1 Hz, 1-2 Hz, and 2-3Hz). The EHG time series were then segmented to create 120-second windows, from which individual characteristics were calculated. The linear, time-frequency, and nonlinear indices of EHG of each combination (channel-filter) were fed to different classifiers using feature selection techniques. Results: The best performance, i.e., 88.52% accuracy, 83.83% sensitivity, and 93.22% specificity, was obtained in the 2-3 Hz bands using Medium Frequency, Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), and entropy-based indices. Interestingly, CWT features were significantly different in all filter-channel combinations. The proposed study uses small samples of EHG signals to diagnose preterm birth accurately, showing their potential application in the clinical environment. Discussion: Our results suggest that CWT and novel entropy-based features of EHG could be suitable descriptors for analyzing and understanding the complex nature of preterm labor mechanisms.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: The autonomic nervous system of preterm fetuses has a different level of maturity than term fetuses. Thus, their autonomic response to transient hypoxemia caused by uterine contractions in labor may differ. This study aims to compare the behavior of the fetal autonomic response to uterine contractions between preterm and term active labor using a novel time-frequency analysis of fetal heart rate variability (FHRV). Methods: We performed a case-control study using fetal R-R and uterine activity time series obtained by abdominal electrical recordings from 18 women in active preterm labor (32-36 weeks of gestation) and 19 in active term labor (39-40 weeks of gestation). We analyzed 20 minutes of the fetal R-R time series by applying a Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) to obtain frequency (HF, 0.2-1 Hz; LF, 0.05-0.2 Hz) and time-frequency (Flux0, Flux90, and Flux45) domain features. Time domain FHRV features (SDNN, RMSSD, meanNN) were also calculated. In addition, ultra-short FHRV analysis was performed by segmenting the fetal R-R time series according to episodes of the uterine contraction and quiescent periods. Results: No significant differences between preterm and term labor were found for FHRV features when calculated over 20 minutes. However, we found significant differences when segmenting between uterine contraction and quiescent periods. In the preterm group, the LF, Flux0, and Flux45 were higher during the average contraction episode compared with the average quiescent period (p<0.01), while in term fetuses, vagally mediated FHRV features (HF and RMSSD) were higher during the average contraction episode (p<0.05). The meanNN was lower during the strongest contraction in preterm fetuses compared to their consecutive quiescent period (p=0.008). Conclusion: The average autonomic response to contractions in preterm fetuses shows sympathetic predominance, while term fetuses respond through parasympathetic activity. Comparison between groups during the strongest contraction showed a diminished fetal autonomic response in the preterm group. Thus, separating contraction and quiescent periods during labor allows for identifying differences in the autonomic nervous system cardiac regulation between preterm and term fetuses.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The fetal autonomic nervous system responds to uterine contractions during active labor as identified by changes in the accelerations and decelerations of fetal heart rate (FHR). Thus, this exploratory study aimed to characterize the asymmetry differences of beat-to-beat FHR accelerations and decelerations in preterm and term fetuses during active labor. In an observational study, we analyzed 10 min of fetal R-R series collected from women during active preterm labor (32-36 weeks of pregnancy, n = 17) and active term labor (38-40 weeks of pregnancy, n = 27). These data were used to calculate the Deceleration Reserve (DR), which is a novel parameter that quantifies the asymmetry of the average acceleration and deceleration capacity of the heart. In addition, relevant multiscale asymmetric indices of FHR were also computed. Lower values of DR, calculated with the input parameters of T = 50 and s = 10, were associated with labor occurring at the preterm condition (p = 0.0131). Multiscale asymmetry indices also confirmed significant (p < 0.05) differences in the asymmetry of FHR. Fetuses during moderate premature labor may experience more decaying R-R trends and a lower magnitude of decelerations compared to term fetuses. These differences of FHR dynamics might be related to the immaturity of the fetal cardiac autonomic nervous system as identified by this system response to the intense uterine activity at active labor.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific condition which gets detected through hypertension and excessive protein excretion in urine. While preeclampsia used to be regarded as a self-limiting maternal condition which resolved with the delivery of the placenta, it is nowadays considered a complex and multifactorial disease that affects the offspring. Unfortunately, the etiology and pathophysiology of this multifaceted disorder remain elusive. Recent findings have confirmed that an altered maternal autonomic function may play a vital role in developing preeclampsia in conjunction with an imbalanced maternal immune system. Additionally, further evidence supports the crucial role of an exacerbated immune response driven by a non-infectious trigger during preeclampsia. Therefore, as a sterile inflammation, the elucidation of the neuroinflammatory mechanisms of preeclampsia warrants obtaining relevant knowledge suitable for translational clinical applications.Heart rate variability (HRV) is an affordable and non-invasive method for indirectly assessing the autonomic nervous system and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). Notably, the nonlinear analysis of HRV offers novel indexes to explore the neuroimmune interactions in diverse preclinical and clinical settings of inflammation. Given that the dynamics of HRV is nonlinear in health, we hypothesized that a neuroinflammatory condition in preeclampsia might be associated with changes in nonlinear features of maternal and fetal HRV. Thus, the present review aims to present evidence of the potential changes in maternal-fetal HRV associated with neuroinflammatory modifications in preeclamptic women. We considered that there is still a need for assessing the nonlinear features of maternal and fetal HRV as complementary biomarkers of inflammation in this population in future studies, being a potential route for translational clinical applications.

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to explore cardiac autonomic changes assessed by linear and nonlinear indexes of heart rate variability (HRV) and body composition modifications in breast cancer survivors and cancer-free control women. Women who were breast cancer survivors (BCS, n = 27) and without cancer with similar characteristics (Control, n = 31) were recruited for this study. We calculated some relevant linear and nonlinear parameters of 5 min of RR interval time series such as mean RR interval (RRave), the corrected Poincaré index (cSD1/SD2), the sample entropy (SampEn), the long-term fractal scaling exponent (α2) and 2UV from symbolic dynamics. Additionally, we indirectly assessed body composition measures such as body weight, fat mass, visceral fat rating (VFR), normalized VRF (nVFR), muscle mass, metabolic age, and total body water. We found that diverse HRV indexes and only one body composition measure showed statistical differences (p < 0.05) between the BCS and Control groups. RRave: 729 (648-802) vs. 795 (713-852) ms; cSD2/SD1: 3.4 (2.7-5.0) vs. 2.9 (2.3-3.5); SampEn: 1.5 (1.3-1.8) vs. 1.7 (1.5-1.8); α2: 0.6 (0.3-0.6) vs. 0.5 (0.4-0.5); 2UV: 7.1 (4.3-11.5) vs. 10.8 (6.4-15.7) and nVFR 0.12 (0.11-0.13) vs. 0.10 (0.08-0.12) points/kg, respectively. The nVFR was strongly significantly correlated with several indexes of HRV only in the BCS group.Our findings suggest that BCS exhibit lower parasympathetic cardiac activity and changes in HRV patterns compared to Controls. A concomitant increase of visceral fat, among other factors, may contribute to cardiac autonomic disturbances and changes in HRV patterns in BCS.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The emergent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could produce a maternal immune activation (MIA) via the inflammatory response during gestation that may impair fetal neurodevelopment and lead to postnatal and adulthood mental illness and behavioral dysfunctions. However, so far, limited evidence exists regarding long-term physiological, immunological, and neurodevelopmental modifications produced by the SARS-CoV-2 in the human maternal-fetal binomial and, particularly, in the offspring. Relevant findings derived from epidemiological and preclinical models show that a MIA is indeed linked to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. We hypothesize that a gestational infection triggered by SARS-CoV-2 increases the risks leading to neurodevelopmental disorders of the newborn, which can affect childhood and the long-term quality of life. In particular, disruption of either the maternal or the fetal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) could cause or exacerbate the severity of COVID-19 in the maternal-fetal binomial. From a translational perspective, in this paper, we discuss the possible manifestation of a MIA by SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent neurodevelopmental disorders considering the role of the fetal-maternal cytokine cross-talk and the CAP. Specifically, we highlight the urgent need of preclinical studies as well as multicenter and international databanks of maternal-fetal psychophysiological data obtained pre-, during, and post-infection by SARS-CoV-2 from pregnant women and their offspring.

RESUMEN

Phase Entropy (PhEn) was recently introduced for evaluating the nonlinear features of physiological time series. PhEn has been demonstrated to be a robust approach in comparison to other entropy-based methods to achieve this goal. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the nonlinear features of raw electrohysterogram (EHG) time series collected from women at the third trimester of pregnancy (TT) and later during term active parturition (P) by PhEn. We collected 10-min longitudinal transabdominal recordings of 24 low-risk pregnant women at TT (from 35 to 38 weeks of pregnancy) and P (>39 weeks of pregnancy). We computed the second-order difference plots (SODPs) for the TT and P stages, and we evaluated the PhEn by modifying the k value, a coarse-graining parameter. Our results pointed out that PhEn in TT is characterized by a higher likelihood of manifesting nonlinear dynamics compared to the P condition. However, both conditions maintain percentages of nonlinear series higher than 66%. We conclude that the nonlinear features appear to be retained for both stages of pregnancy despite the uterine and cervical reorganization process that occurs in the transition from the third trimester to parturition.