RESUMEN
We studied changes in articular calcified cartilage (ACC) and subchondral bone (SCB) in the third carpal bones (C3) of Standardbred racehorses with naturally-occurring repetitive loading-induced osteoarthritis (OA). Two osteochondral cores were harvested from dorsal sites from each of 15 post-mortem C3 and classified as control or as showing early or advanced OA changes from visual inspection. We re-examined X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) image sets for the presence of high-density mineral infill (HDMI) in ACC cracks and possible high-density mineralized protrusions (HDMP) from the ACC mineralizing (tidemark) front (MF) into hyaline articular cartilage (HAC). We hypothesized and we show that 20-µm µCT resolution in 10-mm diameter samples is sufficient to detect HDMI and HDMP: these are lost upon tissue decalcification for routine paraffin wax histology owing to their predominant mineral content. The findings show that µCT is sufficient to discover HDMI and HDMP, which were seen in 2/10 controls, 6/9 early OA and 8/10 advanced OA cases. This is the first report of HDMI and HDMP in the equine carpus and in the Standardbred breed and the first to rely solely on µCT. HDMP are a candidate cause for mechanical tissue destruction in OA.
Asunto(s)
Calcinosis/complicaciones , Huesos del Carpo/patología , Cartílago Articular/patología , Osteoartritis/complicaciones , Osteoartritis/patología , Estrés Mecánico , Animales , Calcinosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Calcinosis/patología , Huesos del Carpo/diagnóstico por imagen , Cartílago Articular/diagnóstico por imagen , Caballos , Osteoartritis/diagnóstico por imagen , Interpretación de Imagen Radiográfica Asistida por Computador , Microtomografía por Rayos XRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of fragmentation of the proximal tubercle of the talus (FPTT) in a hospital population of horses, characterize the anatomic features of the affected area and fragments, and describe clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome for horses with FPTT. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 9 horses with FPTT. PROCEDURES: 2,543 radiographic views of the tarsal region of 1,526 horses that were evaluated between June 2004 and December 2010 were reviewed. Medical case records for horses with detectable FPTT were retrieved, and signalment, history, clinical signs, diagnostic methods, treatment, and outcome were recorded for assessment. RESULTS: 9 horses (median age, 5 years; age range, 1 to 12 years) with FPTT were identified. Seven horses were warmbloods. Diagnosis was made on the basis of radiographic findings, occasionally along with results of ultrasonography and CT. The only horse that was lame in the affected limb had a history of a prior traumatic event and resultant lateral tibial malleolus fracture. One horse underwent arthroscopy, but fragments were not found and were presumed to be extra-articular. Outcome was available for 7 horses; mean ± SD duration of stable radiographic and clinical examination findings was 3 ± 1 years (range, 1 to 4 years). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: FPTT appeared to occur more frequently in warmbloods and was not usually associated with lameness. Affected horses remained clinically and radiographically stable over time. These data have provided some information regarding the importance of FPTT for practitioners who perform radiographic screenings during prepurchase examinations.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas Óseas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Caballos/lesiones , Astrágalo/patología , Animales , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Caballos/patología , Masculino , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of equine patients with articular synovial cysts. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Horses (n = 16) with articular synovial cysts. METHODS: Horses diagnosed with articular synovial cysts (1988-2009) at 2 veterinary teaching hospitals were studied. Signalment, history, clinical signs, diagnostic methods and treatment were retrieved and telephone follow-up was obtained. RESULTS: Sixteen horses with articular synovial cysts were identified. Lameness was the reason for referral in most (n = 9) horses. Diagnosis was based on a combination of palpation and imaging studies, including radiography, ultrasonography and/or arthrography. Excision of the cyst was performed in 8 horses. Outcome was available for 4 surgically and 2 conservatively treated horses. Lameness resolved in 3 horses treated surgically and the 4th died for unrelated reasons. The 2 conservatively treated horses performed satisfactorily for the rest of their career. CONCLUSIONS: Equine articular synovial cysts are rare and can be associated with lameness. The cysts had a synovial lining in all horses where it was assessed. Surgical excision may be successful in resolving the lameness and allowing selected horses to return to work.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Caballos/cirugía , Artropatías/veterinaria , Quiste Sinovial/veterinaria , Animales , Femenino , Caballos , Artropatías/cirugía , Cojera Animal , Masculino , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To report use of a shielded hook bistoury developed for correction of epiglottic fold entrapment in standing sedated horses. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Standardbreds (n=8), 3-19 years of age. METHODS: Epiglottic fold entrapment was corrected during standing sedation using a shielded hook bistoury passed nasally into the pharynx. Owners, trainers, and referring veterinarians were contacted by telephone to establish outcome. RESULTS: Axial division of the entrapping epiglottic fold was successful in all horses. No short- or long-term complications occurred. Axial transection of the entrapping fold was performed rapidly (mean, 83 seconds between advancing the bistoury into the pharynx and transection of the entrapping fold). CONCLUSION: Transnasal axial division of the aryepiglottic fold can be accomplished safely using the shielded hook bistoury. The shield mechanism minimizes the risk of injury from the cutting blade to adjacent structures.