RESUMEN
miRNAs are master regulators of gene expression in diverse biological processes, including the modulation of neuronal cytoarchitecture. The identification of their physiological target genes remains one of the outstanding challenges. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the activation of serotonin receptor 7 (5-HT7R) plays a key role in regulating the neuronal structure, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity during embryonic and early postnatal development of the central nervous system (CNS). In order to identify putative miRNAs targeting the 3'UTR of 5-HT7R mouse transcript, we used a computational prediction tool and detected the miR-29 family members as the only candidates. Thus, since miR-29a is more expressed than other members in the brain, we investigated its possible involvement in the regulation of neuronal morphology mediated by 5-HT7R. By luciferase assay, we show that miR-29a can act as a post-transcriptional regulator of 5-HT7R mRNA. Indeed, it downregulates 5-HT7R gene expression in cultured hippocampal neurons, while the expression of other serotonin receptors is not affected. From a functional point of view, miR-29a overexpression in hippocampal primary cultures impairs the 5HT7R-dependent neurite elongation and remodeling through the inhibition of the ERK intracellular signaling pathway. In vivo, the upregulation of miR-29a in the developing hippocampus parallels with the downregulation of 5-HT7R expression, supporting the hypothesis that this miRNA is a physiological modulator of 5-HT7R expression in the CNS.
Asunto(s)
Hipocampo/metabolismo , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Neuronas/citología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/genética , Regiones no Traducidas 3'/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Células Cultivadas , Regulación hacia Abajo/genética , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Ratones , MicroARNs/genética , Neuritas/metabolismo , Fosforilación , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/genéticaRESUMEN
Gambling disorder is associated to an increased impulsivity, a high level of novelty-seeking and a dysregulation of the forebrain neurotransmission systems. However, the neurobiological mechanisms of this addictive disorder are not fully understood and no valid pharmacological approach has yet been approved. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7 R) stimulation with a brain penetrant and selective agonist, LP-211 (0.25 and 0.50 mg kg-1 i.p.) during post-experience consolidation, (i) acutely in a novelty-preference test (Exp. 1) or (ii) sub-chronically in the Probabilistic-Delivery Task (rPDT, commonly used to measure individual differences in risk proneness of rats; Exp. 2). Results of Exp. 1 showed that 5-HT7 R activation improves consolidation of chamber-shape memory in the novelty-preference test, leading to significant novelty-induced hyperactivity and recognition, in conditions where controls displayed a null-preference. These results suggest that 5-HT7 Rs may be involved in the consolidation of information inherent to spatial environments, facilitating the recognition of novelty. Furthermore, in the operant rPDT (Exp. 2), 5-HT7 R activation shifts the choice towards a larger yet unlikely reward and turns the propensity of rats towards risk-prone behavior. Thus, 5-HT7 Rs stimulation apparently strengthens the consideration of future, bigger rewards, also enhancing the seeking of it by operant pokes. These effects may well be explained by LP-211 actions on hippocampal versus prefrontal cortex-mediated regulations, leading to improved (though suboptimal) strategy formation. However, further experiments are necessary to determine more in depth the serotonergic pathways involved.
Asunto(s)
Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Piperazinas/farmacología , Psicotrópicos/farmacología , Recompensa , Asunción de Riesgos , Agonistas de Receptores de Serotonina/farmacología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Condicionamiento Operante/efectos de los fármacos , Condicionamiento Operante/fisiología , Masculino , Memoria/fisiología , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas Wistar , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Percepción Espacial/efectos de los fármacos , Percepción Espacial/fisiologíaRESUMEN
RATIONALE: The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) 5-HT7 receptor is localized in brain areas mediating memory; however, the role of this receptor on memory remains little explored. OBJECTIVE: First, demonstrating the associative nature of Pavlovian/instrumental autoshaping (P/I-A) task, rats were exposed (three sessions) to CS-US (Pavlovian autoshaping), truly random control, free operant, and presentations of US or CS, and they were compared with rats trained-tested for one session to the P/I-A procedure. Also, effects of the 5-HT7 receptor agonist LP-211 administered intraperitoneally after training was determined on short- (1.5 h) and long-term memory 24 and 48 h) and on scopolamine-induced memory impairment and cAMP production. METHODS: Autoshaping and its behavioral controls were studied. Other animals were subjected to an autoshaping training session and immediately afterwards were given (intraperitoneal) vehicle or LP-211 (0.1-10 mg/kg) and/or scopolamine (0.2 mg/kg) and tested for short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM); their brains were extracted for the cAMP ELISA immunoassay. RESULTS: P/I-A group produced the higher %CR. LP-211 did not affect STM; nonetheless, at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, it improved LTM. The 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-269970 (SB; 10.0 mg/kg) alone had no effect; nevertheless, the LP-211 (1.0 mg/kg) LTM facilitation was reversed by SB. The scopolamine (0.2 mg/kg) induced-decrement in CR was accompanied by significant increased cAMP production. The scopolamine-induced decrement in CR and increments in cAMP were significantly attenuated by LP-211. CONCLUSIONS: Autoshaping is a reliable associative learning task whose consolidation is facilitated by the 5-HT7 receptor agonist LP-211.
Asunto(s)
Amnesia/tratamiento farmacológico , Aprendizaje por Asociación/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria a Largo Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria a Corto Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Piperazinas/farmacología , Receptores de Serotonina/fisiología , Animales , Masculino , Piperazinas/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Activatable fluorescent probes share the unique feature of being turned on only under specific conditions: they are "silent" when not interacting with a specific target protein, microenvironment, or reactive species. Several activatable fluorescence probes have demonstrated their potential in cell biology study, disease study and diagnosis, and even in the rapidly expanding field of image-guided surgery. In this review, we will summarize progress in the design of activatable probes and their application in studying cell biology or in optical imaging. Some of the most effective examples of activatable fluorescent probes will be presented and their application will be discussed.
Asunto(s)
Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Imagen Óptica , Transporte de Electrón , Transferencia Resonante de Energía de Fluorescencia , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/química , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/metabolismo , Metales/análisis , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/diagnóstico , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/química , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/químicaRESUMEN
The present paper concerns the influence of conformational parameters on the recognition by rat 5-HT1A receptors of derivatives 4-[3-(5-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)propyl]-1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine (1a) and 3-(5-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-N-[2-(2-pyridyloxy)ethyl]propanamine (3b), two highly potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor ligands. Fifteen corresponding flexible and rigid analogues were prepared following several synthetic routes and were tested in binding assays with radioligands at 5-HT1A, D2, and alpha1 receptors from rat brain membranes. Among the new derivatives emerged trans-4-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]-1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine (trans-8a) and trans-N-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]-2-(2-pyridyloxy)ethylamine (trans-8b). These compounds can be considered as conformationally constrained analogues of compounds 1a and 3a, respectively. In fact, compounds trans-8a and trans-8b showed a marked enhancement in 5-HT1A receptor affinity when compared to the corresponding cis isomers. Because compound trans-8a was a potent and selective 5-HT1A ligand (K(i), nM: 5-HT1A = 0.028, D2 = 2194, alpha1 = 767), it was chosen as a lead to prepare other analogues that were tested at 5-HT1A, D2, and alpha1 receptors from rat brain membranes, showing high affinity at the 5-HT1A and selectivity vs D2 and alpha1 receptors. Selected compounds were tested for their affinity at the human cloned 5-HT1A, alpha1a, alpha1b, alpha1d receptor subtypes. They were also submitted to the [35S]GTPgammaS binding assay stimulating the 5-HT1A receptor-mediated G-protein activation, therefore behaving as full or as partial agonists. Finally, the ability of iv administration of trans-8a to induce fore-paw treading in rats was evaluated in comparison with 8-OH-DPAT. Although the affinity (K(i)) and in vitro activity (pD'2) of trans-8a at the 5-HT1A receptor were higher than those of 8-OH-DPAT, the compound was less potent than the reference standard in inducing the symptom.