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OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for nosocomial bloodstream infection (BSI) and associated mortality in geriatric patients in geriatric and internal medicine wards at a university hospital. METHODS: Single-center retrospective (1992-2007), pairwise-matched (1:1-ratio) cohort study. Geriatric patients with nosocomial BSI were matched with controls without BSI on year of admission and length of hospitalization before onset of BSI. Demographic, microbiological, and clinical data are collected. RESULTS: One-hundred forty-two BSI occurred in 129 patients. Predominant microorganisms were Escherichia coli (23.2%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (19.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.8%) and Candida spp. (5.8%). Matching was successful for 109 cases. Compared to matched control subjects, cases were more frequently female, suffered more frequently from arthrosis, angina pectoris and pressure ulcers, had worse Activities of Daily Living-scores, had more often an intravenous or bladder catheter, and were more often bedridden. Logistic regression demonstrated presence of an intravenous catheter (odds ratio [OR] 7.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5-22.9) and being bedridden (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6-5.3) as independent risk factors for BSI. In univariate analysis nosocomial BSI was associated with increased mortality (22.0% vs. 11.0%; P=0.029). After adjustment for confounding co-variates, however, nosocomial BSI was not associated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.3, 95% CI 0.6-2.6). Being bedridden and increasing age were independent risk factors for death. CONCLUSION: Intravenous catheters and being bedridden are the main risk factors for nosocomial BSI. Although associated with higher mortality, this infectious complication seems not to be an independent risk factor for death in geriatric patients.

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Objetivos Determinar el grado de conocimiento de las enfermeras de cuidados intensivos del sur de Europa de las guías de prevención de la neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica y compararlo con los resultados globales de Europa. Diseño Subanálisis de un estudio observacional realizado mediante un cuestionario de nueve preguntas con respuesta cerrada llevado a cabo entre octubre de 2006 y marzo de 2007.Ámbito Seis países del sur de Europa, de los 22 países europeos participantes. Participantes Enfermeras voluntarias de cuidados intensivos. Resultados Se recibieron 3.329 cuestionarios, de los cuales 1.182 fueron del sur de Europa donde hubo una tasa de respuesta del 75,8%. La puntuación media global fue de 45,1% y la de el Sur de Europa 46,6% donde fue significativamente mejor (p<0,001). El análisis de regresión lineal mostró que los años de experiencia (por aumento de categoría) está independientemente relacionado con mejores puntuaciones (B=0,154±(ES) 0,045) (95% IC (0,066-0,242))(p=0,001) y trabajar en una unidad de cuidados intensivos con menor número de camas está independientemente relacionado con mejores puntuaciones (B=−0,210±(ES) 0,059)((95% IC) −0,326- −0,094)(p<0,001).Conclusiones El conocimiento de las enfermeras de las unidades de cuidados intensivos de los países del sur de Europa sobre las guías de prevención de la neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica es bajo aunque mejor que en la muestra global de Europa (AU)

Objectives To assess Southern European intensive care unit nurses’ knowledge about evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia and to compare these findings with a pan-European perspective. Design A sub-analysis from an observational study performed using a 9-questions, multiple-choice questionnaire performed during the period October 2006 - March 2007.SettingSix Southern European countries, selected from 22 participant European countries. Participants Volunteer nurses from intensive care units. Results 3329 questionnaires were obtained, 1182 of them belonging to Southern European countries with a 75.8% response rate. Global average score was 45.1%, being it significantly better in the South of Europe (46.6%, P<.001). A linear multiple regression analysis showed that years of working experience (per class of increase) (B=0.154±(SD) 0.045) (95% CI (0.066-0.242))(p=0.001) and working in a smaller intensive care unit (B=−0.210±(SD) 0.059)((95% CI) −0.326-0.094)(P<.001) was independently associated with better test scores. Conclusions Southern European critical care nurses’ knowledge about ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention is poor, but significantly better than in the pan-European countries (AU)

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OBJECTIVES: To assess Southern European intensive care unit nurses' knowledge about evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia and to compare these findings with a pan-European perspective. DESIGN: A sub-analysis from an observational study performed using a 9-questions, multiple-choice questionnaire performed during the period October 2006 - March 2007. SETTING: Six Southern European countries, selected from 22 participant European countries. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer nurses from intensive care units. RESULTS: 3329 questionnaires were obtained, 1182 of them belonging to Southern European countries with a 75.8% response rate. Global average score was 45.1%, being it significantly better in the South of Europe (46.6%, P<.001). A linear multiple regression analysis showed that years of working experience (per class of increase) (B=0.154 ± (SD) 0.045) (95% CI (0.066-0.242))(p=0.001) and working in a smaller intensive care unit (B=-0.210 ± (SD) 0.059)((95% CI) -0.326-0.094)(P<.001) was independently associated with better test scores. CONCLUSIONS: Southern European critical care nurses' knowledge about ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention is poor, but significantly better than in the pan-European countries.

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As part of a needs analysis preceding the development of an e-learning platform on infection prevention, European intensive care unit (ICU) nurses were subjected to a knowledge test on evidence-based guidelines for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). A validated multiple-choice questionnaire was distributed to 22 European countries between October 2006 and March 2007. Demographics included nationality, gender, ICU experience, number of ICU beds and acquisition of a specialised degree in intensive care. We collected 3329 questionnaires (response rate 69.1%). The average score was 45.1%. Fifty-five percent of respondents knew that the oral route is recommended for intubation; 35% knew that ventilator circuits should be changed for each new patient; 38% knew that heat and moisture exchangers were the recommended humidifier type, but only 21% knew that these should be changed once weekly; closed suctioning systems were recommended by 46%, and 18% knew that these must be changed for each new patient only; 51% and 57%, respectively, recognised that subglottic drainage and kinetic beds reduce VAP incidence. Most (85%) knew that semi-recumbent positioning prevents VAP. Professional seniority and number of ICU beds were shown to be independently associated with better test scores. Further research may determine whether low scores are related to a lack of knowledge, deficiencies in training, differences in what is regarded as good practice, and/or a lack of consistent policy.

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BACKGROUND: Lack of adherence to recommended evidence-based guidelines for preventing infections associated with use of central venous catheters may be due to nurses' lack of knowledge of the guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To develop a reliable and valid questionnaire for evaluating critical care nurses' knowledge of evidence-based guidelines for preventing infections associated with central venous catheters. METHODS: A total of 10 nursing-related strategies were identified from current evidence-based guidelines for preventing infections associated with use of central venous catheters. Face and content validation were determined for selected interventions and multiple-choice questions (1 question per intervention). The test results of 762 critical care nurses were evaluated for item difficulty, item discrimination, and quality of the response alternatives or options for answers (possible responses). RESULTS: All 10 items had face and content validity. Values for item difficulty ranged from 0.1 to 0.9. Values for item discrimination ranged from 0.05 to 0.41. The quality of the response alternatives (0.0-0.8) indicated widespread misconceptions among the critical care nurses in the sample. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire is reliable and has face and content validity. Findings from surveys in which this questionnaire is used can lead to better educational programs for critical care nurses on infections associated with use of central venous catheters.

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BACKGROUND: Nurses' lack of knowledge may be a barrier to adherence to evidence-based guidelines for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. OBJECTIVE: To develop a reliable and valid questionnaire for evaluating critical care nurses' knowledge of evidence-based guidelines for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. METHODS: Ten nursing-related interventions were identified from a review of evidence-based guidelines for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Selected interventions and multiple-choice questions (1 question per intervention) were subjected to face and content validation. Item difficulty, item discrimination, and the quality of the response alternatives or options for answers (possible responses) were evaluated on the test results of 638 critical care nurses. RESULTS: Face and content validity were achieved for 9 items. Values for item difficulty ranged from 0.1 to 0.9. Values for item discrimination ranged from 0.10 to 0.65. The quality of the response alternatives led to the detection of widespread misconceptions among critical care nurses. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire is reliable and has face and content validity. Results of surveys with this questionnaire can be used to focus educational programs on preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia.

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