RESUMEN
Immunization of mice with beta2 glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) and also with GDKV, a synthetic peptide representing the phospholipid (PL)-binding site of beta2GPI, induced pathogenic aPL antibodies that bind and activate endothelial cells, enhanced thrombus formation and caused fetal death in pregnant mice. TIFI is a PL-binding peptide spanning the Thr101-Thr120 of ulb0-hcmva from human cytomegalovirus (CMV), which shares structural similarity with the PL-binding site of beta2GPI. Immunization with this peptide induced pathogenic aPL and anti-beta2GPI antibodies in mice. These antibodies activated endothelial cells and enhanced thrombus formation in vivo, but whether these antibodies cause fetal death in mice is not known. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of these antibodies on pregnancy outcome in mice. Two groups of pregnant BALB/c mice were injected with either hybridoma supernatant containing D3/AC10, a CMV-peptide-induced monoclonal aPL, at days four, eight and 12 of the pregnancy, 100 microg per mouse (study group) or with culture media alone (control group). The litter size was significantly smaller in the study group (4.80 +/- 1.15 versus 7.28 +/- 0.18, t = - 2.526, P < 0.03). In conclusion, aPL induced by CMV peptides may have pathogenic properties similar to human autoimmune aPL. These findings further support the hypothesis that at least in some patients with APS, pathogenic aPL antibodies may be generated by immunization with CMV products during incidental exposure to the virus via a molecular mimicry mechanism.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antifosfolípidos/efectos adversos , Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Resultado del Embarazo , Trombosis/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antifosfolípidos/biosíntesis , Síndrome Antifosfolípido/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Inmunización , Ratones , Embarazo , Preñez , Trombosis/etiología , Proteínas Virales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Traditional linear measurements (lengths and circumferences taken over the body surface with a tape measure) were compared with measurements of frontal and lateral view photographs for usefulness in determining pattern dimensions for the upper torso of the female body form. The statistical regression models developed indicated that, while linear measurements provided slightly more accuracy in predicting a few of the pattern dimensions, the photographic measurements were more accurate in predicting others, particularly pattern angles. Photographic measurements hold promise as an alternative to the more intrusive linear measurements for predicting pattern dimensions.