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OBJECTIVE: Critical events are common and difficult to predict among infants with congenital heart disease and are associated with mortality and long-term sequelae. We aimed to achieve early prediction of critical events, that is, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, emergency endotracheal intubation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with single-ventricle physiology before second-stage surgery. We hypothesized that naïve Bayesian models learned from expert knowledge and clinical data can predict critical events early and accurately. METHODS: We collected 93 patients with single-ventricle physiology admitted to intensive care units in a single tertiary pediatric hospital between 2014 and 2017. Using knowledge elicited from experienced cardiac-intensive-care-unit providers and machine-learning techniques, we developed and evaluated the Cardiac-intensive-care Warning INdex (C-WIN) system, consisting of a set of naïve Bayesian models that leverage routinely collected data. We evaluated predictive performance using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity. We performed the evaluation at 5 different prediction horizons: 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours before the onset of critical events. RESULTS: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the C-WIN models ranged between 0.73 and 0.88 at different prediction horizons. At 1 hour before critical events, C-WIN was able to detect events with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.92) and a sensitivity of 84% at the 81% specificity level. CONCLUSIONS: Predictive models may enhance clinicians' ability to identify infants with single-ventricle physiology at high risk of critical events. Early prediction of critical events may indicate the need to perform timely interventions, potentially reducing morbidity, mortality, and health care costs.

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INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an invaluable rescue technique for critically ill children with imminent or present cardiopulmonary collapse. However, medical team expertise to optimize results and decrease complications is scarce. Telemedicine can be used to enhance the delivery of quality interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective review of pediatric patients assisted with ECMO in the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) at Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia from July 2011 to June 2015 (telemedicine) compared with similar patients from a previous period (pretelemedicine). Collected information included demographic data, cardiac diagnosis, risk adjustment for congenital heart surgery (RACHS-1), hospital mortality, CICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), ECMO type, and ECMO run hours as well as specific telemedicine information. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients in the pretelemedicine and 109 in the telemedicine periods were included in the analysis. Forty-nine teleconsulted patients received 218 teleconsultations, with a recommendation for diagnostic or interventional catheterization in 38 patients (77.5%). A surgical procedure for significant residual lesions was recommended in 30 patients (61.2%). Patients in the telemedicine period were older (4.7 months vs. 1.6 months, p = 0.006), more likely to receive operating room ECMO (43.1% vs. 24.6%, p = 0.02), and had a higher proportion of patients with two-ventricle physiology (73.4% vs. 54.4%, p = 0.013). Hospital survival was higher during the telemedicine period (54.1% vs. 29.8%, p = 0.002), with a longer hospital LOS (67 days vs. 28 days, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The implementation of telemedicine-assisted interventions in a pediatric ECMO program delivered valuable diagnostic and therapeutic advice, was associated with significant changes in selection criteria and model of care, and an increased hospital survival.

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BACKGROUND: An optimal model for telemedicine use in the international care setting has not been established. Our objective was to describe variables associated with patient outcome during the implementation of an international pediatric cardiac critical care (PCCC) telemedicine program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of clinical records and a telemedicine database of patients admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) at the Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia, during the initial 10 months of our program, compared with patients admitted during a previous period. Information collected included demographic data, cardiac diagnosis and associated factors, Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS)-1 classification, and perioperative events. Primary outcome was composed of CICU and hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were CICU and hospital length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: Of the 553 patients who were included, teleconsultation was done for 71 (12.4%), with a total of 156 encounters, including 19 for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Three hundred twenty-one recommendations were given, and 42 real-time interventions were documented. RACHS-1 distribution was similar between study periods (p=0.427). Teleconsulted patients were significantly younger (44 versus 24 months; p=0.03) and had higher surgical complexity than nonteleconsulted patients (p=0.01). RACHS-1 adjusted hospital survival was similar between study periods. CICU and hospital LOS intervals were significantly shorter in the telemedicine period (10 versus 17 days [p=0.02] and 22 versus 28 days [p<0.001]). In surgical cases, preoperative CICU LOS was significantly shorter (3 versus 6 days; p<0.001). Variables associated with hospital mortality were higher RACHS-1 categories, lower weight, bypass time longer than 150 min, and use of circulatory arrest, as well as the presence of sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis. Those associated with increased LOS were lower weight, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and cross-clamp time longer than 60 min. CONCLUSIONS: An international telemedicine service in PCCC was associated with lower CICU and hospital LOS. Prospective telemedicine interventions aimed to decrease mortality and LOS should focus on patients with higher RACHS-1 categories, lower-weight infants, and those with prolonged operative time and selective perioperative complications.

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INTRODUCTION: Treatment of aortic coarctation with hypoplastic aortic arch is still a surgical challenge. The aortic arch advancement surgery has shown less re-coarctation frequency. OBJECTIVE: To determine the re-coarctation frequency in patients who underwent aortic arch advancement technique for aortic coarctation with hypoplastic aortic arch and analyze the results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective and observational study of 38 patients who underwent aortic arch advancement in a third level Institution from 2002 to 2010. RESULTS: Twenty four males and 14 females all with aortic arch Z index diameter of < or = -2 were found. The median age was 2.6 months and the median weight was 3.8 kg. Twelve patients (31.5%) did not show post operative complications. Eighteen (47%) had only one complication; one patient (2.6%) had 2 complications and 2 (5.2%) had 3 complications. After a follow up of 3.7 years the frequency of re-coarctation was O%. DISCUSSION: With the previously mentioned technique the recoarctation frequency on medium and long term basis was 0%. From the anatomical and functional point of view, we believe this technique offers the best possible results.

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Introducción. La realización del ecocardiograma se dificulta si el niño no coopera, por lo que es necesario sedarlo. Para evitar los posibles efectos adversos de la sedación se ha propuesto utilizar la proyección de películas infantiles durante el estudio. Material y métodos. Se formaron 2 grupos de pacientes no cooperadores entre 1 y 3 años de edad de manera aleatoria: uno sometido a sedación (13 niños) y otro al que se proyectó una película infantil (15 niños). En ambos grupos se evaluaron escalas semicuantitativas de cooperación, calidad de imagen y el tiempo de realización del estudio. Resultados. No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos en cuanto a las escalas de cooperación y calidad de imagen, así como en el tiempo de realización del estudio. Conclusiones. Este método evita la exposición a los riesgos de la sedación, obteniendo cooperación e información similares, y pudiera disminuir los recursos necesarios para la realización del estudio.

Introduction. It is often difficult to perform echocardiograms in small children because of lack of cooperation, hence the need for sedation. In order to avoid the possible adverse effects of sedation, the projection of age-appropriate films during the study has been proposed as an alternative. Material and methods. Pediatric non-cooperative patients, ages between 1 and 3 years old with an indication for elective echocardiography were randomly assigned to either 1 of 2 groups: the first one (13 patients) with intranasal midazolam sedation (300 mg/kg), and the other group (15 patients) with video-projection of movies. Cooperation and image quality scores differences were evaluated (Mann-Whitney), as well as the mean study performance time between the 2 groups. Results. Cooperation and image quality scores were similar between the 2 groups. There was a trend toward a shorter mean study performance time in the video group, not reaching statistical significance. Conclusions. Projection of age-appropriate movies during echocardiographic studies in pediatric non-cooperative patients is a good alternative to sedation, avoiding related risks and resource expenditure with similar cooperation and echocardiographic information.

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Objetivo. Informar de un caso de enfermedad adenomatoidea quística pulmonar diagnosticada in utero que cursó con insuficiencia respiratoria e hipertensión pulmonar severa, no logrando corregirla con neumonectomía, ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria y óxido nítrico inhalado. Caso clínico. Masculino a término eutrófico complicado con polihidramnios e imágenes quísticas en la cavidad torácica izquierda a las 26 semanas de gestación. Al nacimiento y por la posibilidad de hernia diafragmática congénita se orointuba para ventilación asistida. La radiología simple y contrastada diagnosticó enfermedad adenomatoidea quística del pulmón. Se usó inicialmente la ventilación mecánica convencional sin oxigenarlo ni ventilarlo. El ecocardiograma, oximetrías pre y posductales mostraron hipertensión pulmonar severa y cortocircuito de derecha a izquierda por el conducto arterioso. La ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria fue capaz de corregir la insuficiencia respiratoria. Posteriormente se neumonectomiza, recae en hipoxemia e hipercapnea. Se aplica óxido nítrico inhalado. Las alteraciones no se corrigen y fallece (17 horas de vida). Discusión. La malformación adenomatoidea quística pulmonar acompañada de hipertensión pulmonar severa es rara. El análisis del caso considera usar de inicio la ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria y óxido nítrico inhalado y estabilizado el paciente, efectuar resección quirúrgica del pulmón, como en la hernia diafragmática congénita, en donde el estrés quirúrgico incrementa la hipertensión pulmonar y de no lograrlo, considerar oxigenación extracorpórea. Conclusiones. 1) La enfermedad adenomatoidea quística pulmonar puede cursar con hipertensión pulmonar. 2) Estos pacientes deben estabilizarse con ventilación asistida y óxido nítrico inhalado previo a la resección quirúrgica, de no lograrlo, considerar el uso de la oxigenación extracorpórea

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Se analizaron los datos de 2724 pacientes registrados en los archivos de la unidad de terapia intensiva pediátrica del Hospital Central Militar, desde su fundación, el 1 de septiembre de 1978 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 1990. Para su estudio se agruparon los datos en cuatro lapsos: de 1978 a 1981; de 1982 a 1985; de 1986 a 1989 y 1990. La mortalidad en los neonatos no ha variado en los lapsos estudiados (x=43.25 por ciento), pero el índice de gravedad evaluado por el número de procedimientos invasores ha aumentado significativamente del primero al último lapso. En niños mayores se observó una disminución significativa de la mortalidad, de 30.6 por ciento en el primer lapso a 17.4 por ciento en el último. La ventilación mecánica aumentó significativamente a través del tiempo hasta 81.6 por ciento disminuyendo asimismo la mortalidad a 45.9 por ciento en los neonatos sujetos al procedimiento; en los mayores la mortalidad también ha disminuido significativamente a 44.4 por ciento. Los pacientes contagiosos y reversos han aumentado de manera importante a través del tiempo. No es posible comparar nuestros resultados con los de otros autores debido a que nuestro estudio está basado en una clasificación por intervenciones, siendo sólo útil para comparar nuestro propio universo. Se propone utilizar escalas de criterios fisiológicos para poder hacer comparaciones con otras unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica nacionales y extranjeras.

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Las técnicas no invasivas han cobrado cada vez mayor importancia para la valoración pre y posoperatoria de las cardiopatías congénitas. La resonancia magnética ofrece un potencial enorme de aplicación para el estudio de las mismas, debido a su capacidad para el análisis anatómico y fisiológico del corazón. Se informa de un caso de comunicación interventricular en el cual la resonancia magnética fue útil para la evaluación preoperatoria, y se le propone como parte integral de la valoración de niños y adultos con cardiopatía congénita.

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