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INTRODUCCIÓN: Los cuidados centrados en el desarrollo (CCD) tienen por objeto favorecer el desarrollo neurosensorial y emocional del niño. En España tenemos información de la aplicación de los CCD desde 1999, pero no se conoce el grado de implantación actual. OBJETIVOS: Describir el grado de implantación de los CCD en las unidades neonatales públicas que atendieron a más de 50 recién nacidos con peso menor a 1.500g en el año 2012. Comparación con los datos previos publicados en 2006. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal observacional descriptivo incluyendo las unidades neonatales españolas seleccionadas. Se envió un cuestionario con 7 preguntas formuladas de igual manera que en el cuestionario del 2006 para la comparación. RESULTADOS: Se envió la encuesta a 27 unidades. La tasa de respuesta del 2012 fue del 81% vs. el 96% en 2006. Respecto a medidas de control del ruido, en 2012 fue el 73% vs. el 11% en el 2006 (p < 0,01). El uso de sacarosa fue el 50% en 2012 frente al 46% en 2006 (p = 0,6). La entrada libre de padres en 2012 fue el 82% vs. el 11% en 2006 (p < 0,01). El Método Canguro, en el 2012, se realizó sin limitaciones en un 82% frente al 31% en el 2006 (p < 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: La implantación de los CCD en España ha mejorado. Todavía hay un margen de mejora en áreas como el uso de sacarosa o el control del ruido, pero hay que resaltar el cambio tan positivo que se ha producido en relación con la entrada de padres

INTRODUCTION: Developmental centered care (DC) is focused on sensorineural and emotional development of the newborns. In Spain we have had information on the application of DC since 1999, but the extent of actual implementation is unknown. Objetive: To determine the level of implementation of DC in Spanish neonatal units where more than 50 infants weighing under 1500g were cared for in 2012. A comparison was made with previous data published in 2006. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was performed using a survey with seven questions as in the 2006 questionnaire. RESULTS: The survey was sent to 27 units. The response rate was 81% in 2012 versus 96% in 2006. Noise control measures were introduced in 73% of units in 2012 versus 11% in 2006 (P<0.01). The use of saccharose was 50% in 2012 versus 46% in 2006 (P=0.6). Parents free entry was 82% in 2012 versus 11% in 2006 (P<0.01). Kangaroo care was used without restriction by 82% in 2012 compared to 31% in 2006 (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of the DC in Spain has improved. There is still room for improvement in areas, such as the use of saccharose or noise control. However, it is important to highlight the positive change that has occurred in relation to unrestricted parental visits

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Los beneficios de la leche donada frente a la fórmula artificial están demostrados, sin embargo no se conoce la influencia de la apertura de un banco de leche en la práctica clínica habitual. El objetivo de este estudio fue medir el impacto en la práctica clínica de la disponibilidad de leche donada para la nutrición de los prematuros ≤32 semanas de edad gestacional. MÉTODOS: Estudio antes-después de la apertura de un banco de leche. Se incluyeron los ≤32 semanas nacidos en el Hospital 12 de Octubre de julio-diciembre de 2005 y de enero-junio de 2008 (6 primeros meses tras la apertura del banco de leche). RESULTADOS: La apertura del banco de leche permitió empezar 31h antes (p < 0,001) la alimentación enteral, se alcanzaron 59,5h antes los 100ml/kg/día (p < 0,001) y 52h antes los 150ml/kg/día (p = 0,002), permitiendo retirar 72h antes la nutrición parenteral. En ningún prematuro se inició la alimentación enteral con fórmula artificial, la exposición a la misma en los primeros 15días de vida bajó del 50 al 16,6% y su consumo durante los primeros 28 días fue significativamente menor. La cantidad consumida de leche de la propia madre fue mayor, al igual que la tasa de lactancia materna exclusiva al alta (54 vs. 40%). CONCLUSIONES: Disponer de leche donada ha permitido avanzar más rápidamente con la nutrición enteral y retirar antes la nutrición parenteral. La exposición a fórmula artificial ha sido menor y mayor el consumo de leche de madre propia y la lactancia materna al alta

INTRODUCTION: The benefits of donor human milk compared with artificial formulas have been well demonstrated; nevertheless the impact in the clinical practice of opening a human milk bank within a neonatal unit has not yet been studied. The main aim of this study was to analyze the impact on the clinical practice of opening a human milk bank in a neonatal unit to provide donor human milk for preterm infants ≤32 weeks of gestational age. METHODS: A before and after study was designed, with the intervention being the opening a human milk bank. Preterm infants ≤32 weeks of gestational age born in the Hospital 12 Octubre from July to December 2005 and January to June 2008 (firsts 6 months after opening the human milk bank) were included. RESULTS: After opening the human milk bank, enteral feedings were started 31h before (P<0.001), 100ml/kg/day were achieved 59.5h before (P<0.001) and 150ml/kg/day 52h before (P=0.002). Enteral feedings were never started LM with artificial formula, the exposure to formula in the first 15 days of life was reduced from 50% to 16.6%, and it's consumption during the first 28 days of life was significantly reduced. There was a higher consumption of own mother's milk during the hospital stay, and a higher rate of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge (54% vs 40%). CONCLUSIONS: The availability of donor human milk has led to quicker progression with enteral feedings and earlier withdrawal of parenteral nutrition. It has reduced the exposure to artificial formulas, and has also increased the intake of own mother's milk during the hospital stay and the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge

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INTRODUCTION: The benefits of donor human milk compared with artificial formulas have been well demonstrated; nevertheless the impact in the clinical practice of opening a human milk bank within a neonatal unit has not yet been studied. The main aim of this study was to analyze the impact on the clinical practice of opening a human milk bank in a neonatal unit to provide donor human milk for preterm infants ≤ 32 weeks of gestational age. METHODS: A before and after study was designed, with the intervention being the opening a human milk bank. Preterm infants ≤ 32 weeks of gestational age born in the Hospital 12 Octubre from July to December 2005 and January to June 2008 (firsts 6 months after opening the human milk bank) were included. RESULTS: After opening the human milk bank, enteral feedings were started 31h before (P<.001), 100ml/kg/day were achieved 59.5h before (P<.001) and 150 ml/kg/day 52 h before (P=.002). Enteral feedings were never started LM with artificial formula, the exposure to formula in the first 15 days of life was reduced from 50% to 16.6%, and it's consumption during the first 28 days of life was significantly reduced. There was a higher consumption of own mother's milk during the hospital stay, and a higher rate of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge (54% vs 40%). CONCLUSIONS: The availability of donor human milk has led to quicker progression with enteral feedings and earlier withdrawal of parenteral nutrition. It has reduced the exposure to artificial formulas, and has also increased the intake of own mother's milk during the hospital stay and the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge.

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INTRODUCTION: Developmental centered care (DC) is focused on sensorineural and emotional development of the newborns. In Spain we have had information on the application of DC since 1999, but the extent of actual implementation is unknown. OBJETIVE: To determine the level of implementation of DC in Spanish neonatal units where more than 50 infants weighing under 1500g were cared for in 2012. A comparison was made with previous data published in 2006. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was performed using a survey with seven questions as in the 2006 questionnaire. RESULTS: The survey was sent to 27 units. The response rate was 81% in 2012 versus 96% in 2006. Noise control measures were introduced in 73% of units in 2012 versus 11% in 2006 (P<.01). The use of saccharose was 50% in 2012 versus 46% in 2006 (P=.6). Parents free entry was 82% in 2012 versus 11% in 2006 (P<.01). Kangaroo care was used without restriction by 82% in 2012 compared to 31% in 2006 (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of the DC in Spain has improved. There is still room for improvement in areas, such as the use of saccharose or noise control. However, it is important to highlight the positive change that has occurred in relation to unrestricted parental visits.

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AIMS: The aims of this study is to (i) determine the age of sitting unsupported and independent walking in preterm infants with birth weight under 1500 g (very low birth weight, VLBW); (ii) estimate differences between VLBW children and a reference population and (iii) estimate the association between clinical characteristics and late age at sitting and walking. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted of a cohort of 876 children with VLBW. The World Health Organization (WHO) motor development study population was used as a reference. Ages for both skills were established by interview with parents. Means were compared with t-test, ANOVA and Bonferroni adjustment where appropriate. RESULTS: The inclusion criteria were complied with 694 patients; 50% of VLBW sat at 7 m corrected age (CA) and walked at 13 m CA. Both motor skills were acquired later (7.3 +/- 1.5 and 13.6 +/- 2.8 m) compared with the control group (6 +/- 1.1 and 12.1 +/- 1.8 m). Weight or head circumference at birth below the 10th percentile or the presence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia were associated with delayed acquisition of both skills. CONCLUSION: Very low birth weight infants typically sit unsupported and walk later than term infants. Tables describing reference values for milestones acquisition for different categories of infants (gestational age, birth weight and other determinants) may contribute to inform the decision making process on access to available resources.

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BACKGROUND: The introduction of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in neonatal units provides a new strategy in the management of infants weighing less than 1500 g, and especially in those weighing less than 1000 g, allowing a reduction in the use of surfactant without negatively affecting prognosis. OBJECTIVES: To compare the rate of surfactant use in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants before and after the introduction of CPAP for early stabilization. To compare the frequency of pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), mortality, severe brain injury, length of hospital stay, and days of intubation in both groups of VLBW infants. METHODS: We performed a before-after study comparing VLBW infants born in a tertiary care hospital in two periods: group 1 consisted of 78 VLBW infants born in 2001 and group 2 consisted of 80 VLBW infants born from June 2003 to February 2004. Group 1 received conventional management (intubation and administration of surfactant in the delivery room). In group 2, CPAP was introduced for early stabilization. RESULTS: The mean weight was 1059+/-309 g in group 1 and 1127+/-295 g in group 2 (p = 0.15). The mean gestational age was 29 +/- 3.3 weeks in group 1 and 29 +/- 2.8 weeks in group 2 (p = 1). Fifty-four percent of the neonates in group 1 were intubated in the delivery room versus 31 % of those in group 2 (p = 0.004). Surfactant was used in 68 % of neonates in group 1 versus 49 % of those in group 2 (RR = 1.34 [1.06-1.83]). The mean number of days of intubation was 4 +/- 11 in group 1 versus 2.7 6 5.8 in group 2 (p 5 0.15). Bronchopulmonary dysplasia at a corrected age of 36 weeks occurred in 19 % of neonates in group 1 and in 14.5 % of those in group 2 (RR = 1.34 [0.63-2.84]). The mean number of days on oxygen was 34 6 47 and 21 6 25 respectively (p = 0.04). Necrotizing enterocolitis occurred in 3.8 % of neonates in group 1 and in 8.7 % of those in group 2 (RR= 0.43 [0.11-1.63]). The mortality rate and frequency of pneumothorax were similar in both groups. In the subgroup of VLWB infants with a gestation age of < 28 weeks, no differences were found between the two periods. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CPAP for early stabilization of VLBW infants is not associated with an increase in neonatal morbidity. This therapy allows the use of surfactant to be decreased, and even allows the number of days on oxygen to be reduced, without adverse effects. However, data on long-term follow-up are not yet available.

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Antecedentes: La introducción de la presión positiva continua en vía aérea (CPAP) ofrece una posibilidad diferente de manejo del recién nacido con un peso menor de 1.500 g, especialmente en los niños menores de 1.000 g, permitiendo disminuir el uso de surfactante sin empeorar su pronóstico. Objetivos: Comparar la frecuencia de uso de surfactante en los niños prematuros antes y después de introducir la CPAP para su estabilización inicial. Comparar la frecuencia de neumotórax, displasia broncopulmonar, mortalidad, lesión grave del sistema nervioso central, días de ingreso y días de intubación. Métodos: Estudio de evaluación antes y después en recién nacidos con un peso menor de 1.500 g en un hospital terciario durante dos períodos. Grupo 1: 78 niños nacidos durante el año 2001; grupo 2: 80 niños nacidos desde junio 2003 hasta febrero 2004. Los niños pertenecientes al grupo 1 recibieron un tratamiento convencional (intubación y administración de surfactante en paritorio). En el grupo 2 la CPAP se introdujo para la estabilización inicial de estos niños. Resultados: En el grupo 1 la media de peso fue 1.059 6 309 g y en el grupo 2 fue 1.127 6 295 g (p 5 0,15). La media de edad gestacional fue 29 6 3,3 semanas en el grupo 1 y 29 6 2,8 semanas en el grupo 2 (p 5 1). Se intubaron en paritorio 54 % niños en el grupo 1 frente a 31 % en el grupo 2 (p 5 0,004). El surfactante se usó en el 68 % de los niños frente a 49 % del grupo 2 (riesgo relativo [RR] 5 1,34 [1,06-1, 83]). La media de días intubados fue 4 6 11 en el grupo 1 frente a 2,7 6 5,8 (p 5 0,15). La displasia broncopulmonar a las 36 semanas de edad corregida fue el 19 % en el grupo 1 y 14, 5 % en el grupo 2 (RR 5 1,34 [0,63-2,84] ). La media de días con oxígeno fue de 34 6 47 y 21 6 25 (p 5 0,04). La enterocolitis necrosante fue el 3,8 % en el primer grupo y 8,7 % en el segundo grupo (RR 5 0,43 [0,11-1,63] ). La mortalidad y la frecuencia de neumotórax fueron similares en ambos grupos. En el subgrupo de los niños nacidos con una edad gestacional menor de 28 semanas tampoco se encontraron diferencias. Conclusiones: El uso de la CPAP para la estabilización inicial de los niños prematuros no ha asociado incremento en la patología neonatal, disminuyendo el uso del surfactante, incluso se observó una disminución en el número de días que precisaron suplemento de oxígeno, sin que se hayan asociado efectos adversos, aunque todavía no se disponen de datos de seguimiento a largo plazo

Background: The introduction of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in neonatal units provides a new strategy in the management of infants weighing less than 1500 g, and especially in those weighing less than 1000 g, allowing a reduction in the use of surfactant without negatively affecting prognosis. Objectives: To compare the rate of surfactant use in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants before and after the introduction of CPAP for early stabilization. To compare the frequency of pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), mortality, severe brain injury, length of hospital stay, and days of intubation in both groups of VLBW infants. Methods: We performed a before-after study comparing VLBW infants born in a tertiary care hospital in two periods: group 1 consisted of 78 VLBW infants born in 2001 and group 2 consisted of 80 VLBW infants born from June 2003 to February 2004. Group 1 received conventional management (intubation and administration of surfactant in the delivery room). In group 2, CPAP was introduced for early stabilization. Results: The mean weight was 1059 6 309 g in group 1 and 1127 6 295 g in group 2 (p 5 0.15). The mean gestational age was 29 6 3.3 weeks in group 1 and 29 6 2.8 weeks in group 2 (p 5 1). Fifty-four percent of the neonates in group 1 were intubated in the delivery room versus 31 % of those in group 2 (p 5 0.004). Surfactant was used in 68 % of neonates in group 1 versus 49 % of those in group 2 (RR 5 1.34 [1.06-1.83]). The mean number of days of intubation was 4 6 11 in group 1 versus 2.7 6 5.8 in group 2 (p 5 0.15). Bronchopulmonary dysplasia at a corrected age of 36 weeks occurred in 19 % of neonates in group 1 and in 14.5 % of those in group 2 (RR 5 1.34 [0.63-2.84]). The mean number of days on oxygen was 34 6 47 and 21 6 25 respectively (p 5 0.04). Necrotizing enterocolitis occurred in 3.8 % of neonates in group 1 and in 8.7 % of those in group 2 (RR 5 0.43 [0.11-1.63]). The mortality rate and frequency of pneumothorax were similar in both groups. In the subgroup of VLWB infants with a gestation age of < 28 weeks, no differences were found between the two periods. Conclusions: The use of CPAP for early stabilization of VLBW infants is not associated with an increase in neonatal morbidity. This therapy allows the use of surfactant to be decreased, and even allows the number of days on oxygen to be reduced, without adverse effects. However, data on long-term follow-up are not yet available

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INTRODUCTION: Developmental and family centered care (DC) is a framework that aims to enhance the neurodevelopment of the infant. Over the last few years Spanish neonatal units have been working toward introducing this type of care. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate DC in Spanish neonatal units by assessing certain features of the care provided to very low birth weight infants and their families. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Spanish hospitals attending infants under 1,500 g were identified. A cross sectional study was performed using a telephone questionnaire with 25 DC-related items. RESULTS: Of the 100 hospitals attending infants under 1,500 g, 83 hospitals from all the Autonomous Communities in Spain participated in the survey. Of these, 31 % had noise pollution controls, 72 % controlled light intensity, 75 % bound the infants, and 29 % used saccharose as an analgesic. Ten percent allowed unrestricted parental visits. Twenty-two percent used kangaroo care without restriction. Sixty-three percent of the units reported difficulties when introducing DC-related changes. CONCLUSIONS: Practically all neonatal units have some type of DC activity, although in certain areas, such as unrestricted parental visits, the rate of implementation is low.

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Introducción: Los cuidados centrados en el desarrollo (CCD) y en la familia pretenden mejorar el desarrollo del niño. En los últimos años los servicios de neonatología españoles están intentando introducir este tipo de cuidados. Objetivo: Conocer la situación actual de los CCD en las unidades neonatales españolas valorando diversos aspectos de los cuidados que se proporcionan a los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso y sus familias. Material y método: Se identificaron los hospitales españoles que atienden a niños con peso menor de 1.500 g. Se realizó un estudio transversal por medio de un cuestionario telefónico con 25 preguntas en relación con los CCD. Resultados: De los 100 hospitales que atienden niños con peso menor de 1.500 g se pasó el cuestionario a 83 centros de todas las comunidades autónomas. El 31 % disponían de medidas para controlar el ruido, el 72 % controlaban la intensidad lumínica, el 75 % utilizan nidos para el mantenimiento de la flexión y el 29 % utiliza la sacarosa como analgésico. El 10 % de los centros refieren entrada libre de los padres. En el 22 % se realiza el método canguro sin restricción. En el 63 % de los centros se reconocen dificultades para introducir cambios en relación con los CCD. Conclusiones: En prácticamente todos los centros se realiza alguna actividad en relación con los CCD aunque para ciertos aspectos, como la entrada libre de los padres, existe una tasa de implantación muy baja

Introduction: Developmental and family centered care (DC) is a framework that aims to enhance the neurodevelopment of the infant. Over the last few years Spanish neonatal units have been working toward introducing this type of care. Objective: To evaluate DC in Spanish neonatal units by assessing certain features of the care provided to very low birth weight infants and their families. Material and method: Spanish hospitals attending infants under 1,500 g were identified. A cross sectional study was performed using a telephone questionnaire with 25 DC-related items. Results: Of the 100 hospitals attending infants under 1,500 g, 83 hospitals from all the Autonomous Communities in Spain participated in the survey. Of these, 31 % had noise pollution controls, 72 % controlled light intensity, 75 % bound the infants, and 29 % used saccharose as an analgesic. Ten percent allowed unrestricted parental visits. Twenty-two percent used kangaroo care without restriction. Sixty-three percent of the units reported difficulties when introducing DC-related changes. Conclusions: Practically all neonatal units have some type of DC activity, although in certain areas, such as unrestricted parental visits, the rate of implementation is low

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Objetivo: Encontrar los determinantes asociados con elevación de la uremia en los primeros días de vida en prematuros muy inmaduros. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de una cohorte de recién nacidos con menos de 30 semanas de gestación. Resultados: Se incluyeron 48 prematuros nacidos vivos, de los que 10 fallecieron. Los aportes medios de líquidos fueron 55, 72, 88 y 124 ml/kg en el primer, segundo, tercer y séptimo días de vida. El aporte de aminoácidos en los primeros 2 días fue escaso y no se relacionó con la uremia. El 31 por ciento presentaron hipernatremia. En 31 prematuros se obtuvo la uremia entre el quinto y el décimo día de vida. Se encontraron 12 (38,7 por ciento) con valores de 100 mg/dl o superiores, sin elevación de la creatininemia. Todos ellos tuvieron menos de 27 semanas de gestación, menos de 850 g al nacer, mayor pérdida de peso (19,2 por ciento frente a 13,8 por ciento; p = 0,037) y mayor natremia máxima (150,2 mEq/l frente a 146,6 mEq/l; p = 0,023). El uso de furosemida aumentó el riesgo de uremia elevada (riesgo relativo [RR], 2,54; intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento [IC 95 por ciento], 1,05-6,14).Conclusiones La uremia total de 100 mg/dl o superior se relacionó con determinantes asociados con excesiva pérdida precoz de agua libre, como mayor pérdida de peso, mayor natremia máxima, uso de furosemida, menor gestación y menor peso al nacer (AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To identify the determinants associated with uremia elevation in the first days of life in extremely premature infants. METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study in a cohort of neonates born at less than 30 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: Forty-eight preterm infants were included, of which 10 died. The mean fluid administration was 55, 72, 88 and 124 mL/kg on the first, second, third and seventh days of life. Amino acid doses were low in the first two days of life and were unrelated to uremia elevation. Thirty-one percent of the infants presented hypernatremia. Uremia was measured in 31 infants between the fifth and tenth days of life and 12 infants (38.7 %) had uremia values of 100 mg/dL or higher, without creatinine elevation. All of these infants were born at less than 27 weeks of gestation, weighed less than 850 grams at birth, and showed greater weight loss (19.2 % vs. 13.8 %; p 5 0.037) and higher natremia (150.2 mEq/L vs. 146.6 mEq/L; p 5 0.023). The use of furosemide increased the risk of elevated uremia (relative risk: 2.54; 95 % confidence interval: 1.05 6.14). CONCLUSIONS: Total uremia of 100 mg/dL or higher was associated with dehydration, greater weight loss, higher natremia, furosemide use, lower gestational age, and lower birth weight.

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BACKGROUND: The longer follow-up programs last, the greater the loss to follow-up. These losses to follow-up may undermine the completion of health care goals and the validity of study results. OBJECTIVES: 1) To compare neonatal characteristics in children easily followed-up and in those lost to follow-up. 2) To trace and assess children lost to follow-up. 3) To estimate the occurrence of cerebral palsy in children easily followed-up and in those lost to follow-up. METHODS: From 1991 to 1997, 601 neonates with a birth weight under 1,500 g were admitted to the Neonatology Department. At discharge, 447 infants were included in the follow-up program. Moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy was assessed when the children were aged 2 years. A specific search strategy was implemented to find those children lost to follow-up. Data on the development of those traced were updated through a standardized telephone questionnaire. RESULTS: Twenty percent of the children were lost to follow-up before the age of 2 years. Fifty-seven percent of those not available at this age were assessed by telephone interview. No differences were found in the neonatal characteristics of infants easily followed-up and those lost to follow-up except in situations of critical social disadvantage: 10 % in followed-up infants, 41 % in infants lost to follow-up. Disabling cerebral palsy was observed in 7 % of children easily followed-up and in 23 % of those lost and traced (relative risk: 3.1, 1.5-5.5). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of having disabling cerebral palsy is three times higher in children lost to follow-up than in those easily followed-up. Dismissing this source of bias may underestimate disability rates when assessing health care programs or when interpreting study results.

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Fundamento: En los programas de seguimiento, a medida que se prolonga el seguimiento aumenta la proporción de abandonos. Estos abandonos limitan la consecución de los objetivos asistenciales y la validez de los estudios. Objetivos: Comparar las características neonatales de los niños seguidos con facilidad y de los que abandonaron el seguimiento. Encontrar y valorar a los niños que abandonaron el seguimiento y estimar la frecuencia de parálisis cerebral moderada-grave en los niños seguidos y en los que abandonaron. Métodos: Desde 1991 a 1997, ingresaron en servicio de neonatología 601 nacidos menores de 1.500 g. Al alta, fueron incluidos 447 niños en el programa. A los 2 años se valoró la presencia de parálisis cerebral moderada-grave en los que acudían a consulta. Se diseñó una estrategia de búsqueda para localizar los niños que habían abandonado y para recuperar datos sobre su evolución. Con un cuestionario telefónico se valoraron los niños localizados en la búsqueda. Resultados: El 20% de los niños abandonaron el seguimiento antes de los 2 años. Pudo recuperarse el 57%. Las características neonatales de los niños seguidos y de los que habían abandonado no difirieron salvo en la presencia de una situación social crítica: 10% en los seguidos y 41% en los perdidos. El 7% de los que se habían seguido presentó parálisis cerebral moderada-grave frente al 23% en los que habían abandonado y se recuperaron y evaluaron posteriormente (riesgo relativo, 3,1 [1,5-5,5]). Conclusiones Los niños que abandonan el seguimiento presentan una frecuencia de parálisis cerebral moderada-grave 3 veces mayor que los seguidos con facilidad. No considerar esta fuente de sesgo puede llevar a infraestimar la frecuencia de discapacidad cuando se valora los resultados de los programas de salud o se interpretan los resultados de los estudios (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Medication errors occur as a result of human mistakes or system flaws and could be prevented by studying and modifying the conditions that predispose to errors. In recent years, interest in medical errors has increased because of their health and economic implications. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the frequency and types of prescribing errors in the Neonatology Unit of the Hospital 12 Octubre before and after an intervention to raise awareness of errors among the medical staff by comparing the frequency of error before and after the intervention. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective pilot study in two phases. In the first phase, we studied prescribing errors by reviewing 100 prescriptions for newborns admitted to the Intensive or Intermediate Care Units. When the prescriptions were written, the neonatologists were unaware that the study would be performed. Legibility, dose, units used to express medications, route of administration, use of abbreviations, specification of dosage per kilogram of body weight and use of brand names were evaluated. The information was analyzed and an information-training intervention was performed in which the results were made known in a clinical session and recommendations for improving prescriptions were made. In the second phase, another 100 prescriptions were reviewed. The results were compared with those obtained before the intervention using the chi-squared test. RESULTS: In the first phase, 22 % of prescriptions were illegible or doubtful, 4 % contained dose errors and 28 % did not specify the route of administration. After the intervention, 8 % (p 0.005) of prescriptions were illegible, 4 % contained dose errors and 5 % (p 0.0001) did not specify the route of administration. Regarding other quality markers, the percentage of prescriptions specifying dosage per kilogram of body weight increased from 46 % to 78 %. Brand names were used in 21 %. Units were always expressed in abbreviations. All errors were severity index 0 or 1. CONCLUSIONS: The first step in prevention is recognition of mistakes. Increasing awareness among the medical staff of the consequences of errors improved the quality of prescriptions in our department. Awareness of the frequency and type of errors is the first step towards implementing strategies to reduce iatrogeny.

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Introducción: Los errores de medicación son debidos a fallos humanos o del sistema de utilización de fármacos, y se pueden prevenir estudiando y modificando las situaciones que predisponen al error. En los últimos años el interés por este tema es creciente por su trascendencia sanitaria y económica. Objetivos: Estimar la frecuencia y las características de los errores de prescripción en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital 12 Octubre antes y después de una intervención para concienciar al personal sobre el error médico, comparando la frecuencia del error preintervención y postintervención. Pacientes y métodos: Se trata de un estudio piloto con diseño prospectivo en dos fases. En la primera se realizó un estudio de los errores de prescripción, revisando 100 prescripciones de recién nacidos ingresados en cuidados intensivos e intermedios. Cuando se realizaron las prescripciones, los neonatólogos desconocían que se iba a realizar el estudio. Se valoró: legibilidad, dosificación, unidades en que se expresaba la medicación, vía de administración, uso de abreviaturas, especificación de la dosis por kilo de peso y uso de marcas comerciales. Tras analizar los datos, se realizó una intervención de información-formación que consistió en exposición de los datos en sesión clínica y recomendaciones para mejorar las prescripciones. En la segunda fase se realizó nueva revisión de las prescripciones y comparación de los errores preintervención y postintervención utilizando la prueba estadística de chi-cuadrado (2).Resultados: En el primer estudio se encontraron 22% de prescripciones ilegibles o dudosas, 4% con errores de dosificación y 28% en las que no constaba la vía de administración. Tras la intervención formativa se redujeron a 8% (p 0,005) prescripciones ilegibles, 4% con errores de dosificación y 5% sin especificación de la vía de administración. Respecto a otros marcadores de calidad de prescripción, la especificación de dosis por kilogramo de peso mejoró (de 46 a 78%). Se usaron nombres comerciales en el 21%. Las unidades siempre se expresan abreviadas. Todos los errores encontrados fueron de nivel de gravedad 0 ó 1. Conclusiones: El reconocimiento de un error es el primer paso para prevenirlo, y la concienciación de los médicos de las consecuencias de los errores han mejorado la calidad de las prescripciones en nuestro servicio. El ser conscientes de la frecuencia y de los tipos de errores que se comenten es el primer paso para poder establecer estrategias que permitan la disminución de la iatrogenia (AU)

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