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BACKGROUND: the metabolic syndrome (MS) is a public health problem in Mexico and in the world due to its progressive growing and cardiovascular complications. Our aim was to identify the frequency of MS in health care workers in a primary care unit. METHODS: a prospective study, descriptive, observational and transversal was performed. A non probabilistic sample was obtained in agreement with health 90 workers (family physicians, dentist, office medical assistants, nurses, laboratory personnel and social workers), that were working from March to September of 2007. The Adult Treatment Panel III criterion was used to diagnose and classify. RESULTS: the 40 % presented MS, it was higher in women (42 %) and in the group of 40 to 49 years (47 %). Dentists and social workers were the most affected (62 %), the nurses (42 %), family physicians (32 %) and medical office assistant (30 %). CONCLUSIONS: the MS was common in the health personnel. Our results showed major frequency compared with that reported in other countries and general Mexican population of adults.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine whether in the Mexican population the spouses of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) have an increased risk of any degree of glucose intolerance compared with spouses of subjects without diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: An analytical cross-sectional study was made in the Family Medicine Unit number 62 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, located in the State of México. A random sample of 87 spouses of patients with DM2 (group ED) was compared with 87 spouses of subjects with a normal glucose tolerance (group ENOD). Risk factors for DM2 were investigated; spouses in both groups underwent oral glucose tolerance test, and total cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference were measured. The frequency of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and DM2 were compared in both groups and the odds ratio was calculated. RESULTS: In the group ED there were 38 (43.7%) subjects with any degree of glucose intolerance vs. 23 (26.4%) in the ENOD group -odds ratio = 2.16 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-4.08) in the bivariate analysis, and odds ratio = 2.37 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-4.91) in the logistic regression-. In the group ED a higher systolic blood pressure was observed (P=.02). There were no significant differences in age, sex, body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides and diastolic blood pressure. The frequency of risk factors for diabetes was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the Mexican population, the spouses of subjects with DM2 have a higher risk of any alteration in the glucose tolerance than spouses of subjects with a normal glucose metabolism.

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FUNDAMENTO Y OBJETIVO: Determinar si en la población mexicana los cónyuges de pacientes condiabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) tienen mayor riesgo de alteración en el metabolismo de la glucosa(AMG) que los cónyuges de personas sin diabetes.SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Se ha realizado un estudio transversal analítico en la Unidad de Medicina Familiarnúmero 62 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, ubicada en el Estado de México. Secomparó una muestra aleatoria de 87 esposos de pacientes con DM2 (grupo ED), con 87 espososde personas con metabolismo normal de la glucosa (grupo ENOD). En ambos grupos se investigaronlos factores de riesgo para diabetes, se realizó una curva de tolerancia a la glucosaoral y se midieron el colesterol total, triglicéridos, presión arterial, índice de masa corporal ycircunferencia de la cintura. Se comparó la frecuencia de AMG (alteración de la glucosa enayunas, intolerancia a la glucosa y diabetes mellitus) y se calculó la odds ratio.RESULTADOS: En el grupo ED hubo 38 personas (43,7%) con alguna AMG, frente a 23 (26,4%)en el grupo ENOD, con una odds ratio de 2,16 (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,14-4,08) enel análisis bivariado y de 2,37 (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,14-4,91) en la regresión logística.En el grupo ED se observó una mayor presión arterial sistólica (p = 0,02). No hubo diferenciassignificativas en cuanto a la edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de lacintura, colesterol total, triglicéridos y presión arterial diastólica. La frecuencia de factores deriesgo para diabetes fue similar en ambos grupos.CONCLUSIONES: En población mexicana, los cónyuges de pacientes con DM2 tienen mayor riesgode AMG que los cónyuges de personas con metabolismo normal de la glucosa

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine whether in the Mexican population the spouses of patientswith type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) have an increased risk of any degree of glucose intolerancecompared with spouses of subjects without diabetes.SUBJECTS AND METHOD: An analytical cross-sectional study was made in the Family Medicine Unitnumber 62 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, located in the State of México. A randomsample of 87 spouses of patients with DM2 (group ED) was compared with 87 spouses ofsubjects with a normal glucose tolerance (group ENOD). Risk factors for DM2 were investigated;spouses in both groups underwent oral glucose tolerance test, and total cholesterol, triglycerides,blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference were measured. The frequencyof impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and DM2 were compared inboth groups and the odds ratio was calculated.RESULTS: In the group ED there were 38 (43.7%) subjects with any degree of glucose intolerancevs. 23 (26.4%) in the ENOD group –odds ratio = 2.16 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-4.08) in the bivariate analisys, and odds ratio = 2.37 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-4.91) inthe logistic regression–. In the group ED a higher systolic blood pressure was observed(P=.02). There were no significant differences in age, sex, body mass index, waist circumference,total cholesterol, triglycerides and diastolic blood pressure. The frequency of risk factors fordiabetes was similar in both groups.CONCLUSIONS: In the Mexican population, the spouses of subjects with DM2 have a higher risk ofany alteration in the glucose tolerance than spouses of subjects with a normal glucose metabolism

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between depressive symptoms not identified by the family physician and polypharmacy in patients over 60 years old. METHODS: A case-control design with non-probabilistic sampling. INCLUSION CRITERIA: > or = 60 years old both sexes, without disease or with one disease-balanced illness, and with reliable recording in chart by the last 12 month. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: cognitive deterioration, obstructive chronic lung disease, cardiopathy, infarct record, alcoholism, smoking addiction and functional dependence's. Elimination criteria: depression's previous diagnoses and hospitalization during a year before the study. The cases were patients who have simultaneously received 4 o more pharmacologic prescriptions in 5 of 6 last medical visits. The controls were patients who have simultaneously received 3 o less pharmacologic prescriptions in 5 of 6 last medical visits. Depressive symptoms: grading > or = 6 (Yesavage and Brink scale). RESULTS: 200 patients per group, aged 69 +/- 6 years agreed to participate. Logistics regression (OR;CI(95%)): hypertension (6.0;3.6-10.3), diabetes mellitus type 2 (3.7;2.3-5.9), depression (2.1;1.2-3.4), and female sex (1.7;1.1-2.7). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, depressive symptoms not identified by the family physician, and female sex are risk factors for polypharmacy in the elderly.

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Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre los síntomas depresivos no identificados por el médico de atención primaria y la polifarmacia en pacientes mayores de 60 años. Material y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio de casos y controles con muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: pacientes de ambos sexos con 60 o más años de edad, con un máximo de una enfermedad, sin descompensaciones agudas, con registros confiables en sus expedientes durante los últimos 12 meses. Los criterios de exclusión fueron: deterioro cognitivo, artritis reumatoide, endocrinopatías (excepto diabetes mellitus), alcoholismo, tabaquismo, dependencia funcional, antecedentes de automedicación. Los criterios de eliminación fueron: diagnóstico previo de depresión o síntomas depresivos y hospitalización en los últimos 12 meses. Se seleccionaron como casos pacientes a quienes, por lo menos, en 5 de las 6 últimas consultas recibidas, se hayan prescrito 4 o más fármacos en forma simultánea. Se incluyeron en el grupo de los controles pacientes los a quienes al menos en 5 de las 6 últimas consultas recibidas, se haya prescrito un máximo de 3 fármacos en forma simultánea. Resultados: Participaron 200 pacientes por grupo, con edad promedio de 69 ± 6 años con los siguientes resultados: regresión logística (RM; IC95%) hipertensión arterial (6.0;3.6-10.3), diabetes mellitus 2 (3.7;2.3-5.9), síntomas depresivos (2.1;1.2-3.4), sexo femenino (1.7;1.1-2.7). Conclusiones: La presencia de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, síntomas depresivos no identificados por el médico y el sexo femenino favorecen la presencia de polifarmacia en el adulto mayor que acude a una unidad de medicina familiar.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between depressive symptoms not identified by the family physician and polypharmacy in patients over 60 years old. METHODS: A case-control design with non-probabilistic sampling. Inclusion criteria: > or = 60 years old both sexes, without disease or with one disease-balanced illness, and with reliable recording in chart by the last 12 month. Exclusion criteria: cognitive deterioration, obstructive chronic lung disease, cardiopathy, infarct record, alcoholism, smoking addiction and functional dependence's. Elimination criteria: depression's previous diagnoses and hospitalization during a year before the study. The cases were patients who have simultaneously received 4 o more pharmacologic prescriptions in 5 of 6 last medical visits. The controls were patients who have simultaneously received 3 o less pharmacologic prescriptions in 5 of 6 last medical visits. Depressive symptoms: grading > or = 6 (Yesavage and Brink scale). RESULTS: 200 patients per group, aged 69 +/- 6 years agreed to participate. Logistics regression (OR;CI(95%)): hypertension (6.0;3.6-10.3), diabetes mellitus type 2 (3.7;2.3-5.9), depression (2.1;1.2-3.4), and female sex (1.7;1.1-2.7). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, depressive symptoms not identified by the family physician, and female sex are risk factors for polypharmacy in the elderly.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in type 2 diabetes patients and to measure the strength of the association of selected risk factors. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study including two hundred and fifty-two type 2 diabetes patients older than 40 years was conducted in three family medicine clinics, one clinic located within the city and two clinics in the suburb. PAD was diagnosed by Doppler pulsed in the patients with an ankle/arm index < 0.9. CLINICAL VARIABLES: Serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip index (WHI), blood pressure (BP) and fasting blood glucose average of the last six months. To ascertain the differences in the prevalence of PAD, chi(2) test was used; t test was used for quantitative variables; and to estimate the risks the odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS: Among urban population the prevalence of PAD was of 25.6% while for those living in the suburb was 9.8 % (p = 0.002). Serum levels of blood glucose and cholesterol were lower in the latter (p = 0.01 and p = 0.001 respectively). PAD was associated with serum blood glucose levels higher than 140 mg/dL (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1-9.7); total cholesterol higher than 200 mg/dL (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1-7.4); proteinuria (OR = 4.9; 95% CI: 1.7-30.6) and blood pressure higher than 140/90 mm Hg (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.08-4.14). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of PAD was higher in type 2 diabetes patients receiving care in urban clinics when compared to those cared for at suburban family medicine clinics and its corresponding risk factors showed significant values.

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OBJECTIVE: To determinate the prevalence of burnout in family physicians of the Family Medicine Units in the Estado de México and its association with labor and socio demographics factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transversal study was made in five Family Medicine Units. 154 physicians of both sex participated in this study. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) which measures the burnout in its three dimensions: emotional fatigue (EC), depersonalization (DP) and personal realization (PR), was applied by self-administration. Socio-demographic and labor details were obtained. RESULTS: Response rate was 85. A high CE was significantly associated to inadequate physical area, OR 3.9 CI 95% 1.5-10.6; to work load OR 7.6 CI 95% 1.6-50.7 and to lack of labor incentives OR 4.4 CI 95% 1.7-11.9 depersonalization was associated only with salary OR 2.6 CI 95% 1.05-6.4. CONCLUSIONS: Family physicians of Mexican Institute of Social Security have labor factors that are associated with burnout that can affect patient's attention.

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OBJECTIVE: Determine prescription characteristics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among the elderly attending primary medical care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Setting, Family Health Unit 52, Mexican Institute of Social Security. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, with randomized sampling. PARTICIPANTS: 400 patients; aged 60 and older, male and female, without cognitive impairment. Those without clinical records were excluded. Every patient was interviewed and examined and their clinical record and prescription were assesed. RESULTS: NSAIDs were prescribed in 312 patients (78% 95% CI 74-82), one type of NSAIDs was prescribed in 188 (60% 95% CI 55-65), two types in 117 (38% 95% CI 33-43) and three types in 7 (2% 95% CI 0.0-4). Of the 443 prescriptions, Acetylsalicylic acid was prescribed in 200 cases (45% 95% CI 40-50) and Naproxen in 100 (23% IC 95% 19-26). Reasons for prescribing included cardiovascularprophylaxis in 46% (IC 95% 7-13)pain management in 40% (95% CI 31-49), anti-inflammatory cases 4% (95% CI 2-6), and non-specified in 10% of cases (95% CI 7-13). Treatment duration was not specified for 253 patients (81% 95% CI 77-85). We noted drug-drug interaction in 228 cases (73% 95% CI 67-77) and a potential drug-disease interaction in 247 (79% 95% CI 77-81). The gastro-esophageal prescription was not more frequent among patients taking NSAIDs compared with non-users OR = 1 (95% CI 0.53-1.75; p = 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: NSAIDs prescription prevalence is high: although diagnoses do not justify their use and gastro-esophageal protection is often not sufficient. Prostaglandins inhibitors are favored without taking into account drug-disease interaction.

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Objetivo. Determinar las características de la prescripción de AINEs en pacientes de 60 años y más. Material y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 400 pacientes entre agosto y septiembre 2003 en una Unidad de Medicina Familiar (UMF), con base en un diseño prospectivo, transversal analítico y un muestreo aleatorio simple. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: tener 60 años o más, ser de ambos sexos sin deterioro cognitivo. Se excluyeron los que no contaban con información confiable en su expediente. Se interrogaron y exploraron a los pacientes, revisando sus expedientes y recetas. Resultados. Se prescribió AINEs a 312 de los 400 pacientes incluidos en el estudio (78% IC al 95% 74-82) de los cuales a 188 (60% IC al 95% 55-65) se recetó solamente un AINE, a 117 (38% IC al 95% 33- 43) dos y a 7 (2% IC al 95% 0.0-4) tres. El total de prescripciones fue 443. Los tipos más frecuentemente prescritos fueron el ácido acetil salicílico en 200 prescripciones (45% IC al 95% 40-50) y el naproxeno en 100 (23% IC al 95%19- 26). El ácido acetil salicílico fue recetado principalmente para profilaxis cardiovascular, mientras que el naproxeno lo fue como analgésico. La duración del tratamiento no estaba especificado en 253 pacientes (81% IC al 95% 77-85). En 228 de ellos (73% IC al 95% 68-77) se presentó interacción potencial fármaco–fármaco y en 247 (79% IC al 95% 77-81) interacción potencial fármacoenfermedad. La prescripción de una protección farmacológica gastroesofágica no se relacionó con la prescripción de AINEs (OR = 1; IC al 95% 0.53-1.75; p = 0.89). Conclusiones. La prescripción de AINEs a adultos mayores es muy frecuente; se prefiere el naproxeno como analgésico, el cual no se acompaña de protección gastroesofágica. La probabilidad de interacciones fármaco-fármaco y fármaco-enfermedad es alta.

OBJECTIVE: Determine prescription characteristics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among the elderly attending primary medical care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Setting, Family Health Unit 52, Mexican Institute of Social Security. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, with randomized sampling. PARTICIPANTS: 400 patients; aged 60 and older, male and female, without cognitive impairment. Those without clinical records were excluded. Every patient was interviewed and examined and their clinical record and prescription were assesed. RESULTS: NSAIDs were prescribed in 312 patients (78% 95% CI 74-82), one type of NSAIDs was prescribed in 188 (60% 95% CI 55-65), two types in 117 (38% 95% CI 33-43) and three types in 7 (2% 95% CI 0.0-4). Of the 443 prescriptions, Acetylsalicylic acid was prescribed in 200 cases (45% 95% CI 40-50) and Naproxen in 100 (23% IC 95% 19-26). Reasons for prescribing included cardiovascularprophylaxis in 46% (IC 95% 7-13)pain management in 40% (95% CI 31-49), anti-inflammatory cases 4% (95% CI 2-6), and non-specified in 10% of cases (95% CI 7-13). Treatment duration was not specified for 253 patients (81% 95% CI 77-85). We noted drug-drug interaction in 228 cases (73% 95% CI 67-77) and a potential drug-disease interaction in 247 (79% 95% CI 77-81). The gastro-esophageal prescription was not more frequent among patients taking NSAIDs compared with non-users OR = 1 (95% CI 0.53-1.75; p = 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: NSAIDs prescription prevalence is high: although diagnoses do not justify their use and gastro-esophageal protection is often not sufficient. Prostaglandins inhibitors are favored without taking into account drug-disease interaction.

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OBJECTIVES: To estimate the frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women attended in Family Medicine Units of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social and to determine the in vitro sensitivity rate of the microorganisms to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin and amikacin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out an observational, prospective and transversal study at Family Medicine Units 62 and 64 of the Mexico State Delegation, located in the urban area of Mexico City. Women with lesser than 32 weeks of pregnancy without urinary tract symptoms were included. Urine culture of a midstream urine specimen with > or = 10(5) colony forming units/mL urine of an only germen was used as the gold standard. The in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity was established according to the Bauer Kirby technique. RESULTS: 874 pregnant women were included and 73 had a positive urine culture, with a frequency of 8.4%, IC 95% = 6.6 - 10.2%, of asymptomatic bacteriuria. Escherichia coil was the most frequent isolated agent (77%). In vitro sensitivity to ampicillin of the microorganisms isolated was of 27%, IC 95% = 16 - 38%; to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole of 40%, IC95% = 29 - 51%; to amikacin of 68%, IC 95% = 57 - 79%, and to nitrofurantoin of 79%, IC 95% = 70 - 88%. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the studied population is similar to the reported by the literature. The in vitro sensitivity rates of E. coil to ampicillin and to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are very low. The best sensitivity corresponded to the nitrofurantoin. The treatment of the asymptomatic bacteriuria must be based on the local patterns of antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance.

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OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in elderly people attending to family medicine clinics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the study was conducted by using a prospective design in which participants were randomly selected from a family medicine clinic located in Mexico City. The study was run from August to September 2003, and included patients aged sixty years or older, regardless of gender. They should not have cognitive damage, which was ascertained by the Folstein Mini Mental State Examination. Those patients that did not accept to participate and those having incomplete or illegible medical records were excluded. The socio-demographic characteristics test and Carlsson-Dent test were applied. The information about diagnosis, drugs prescriptions, and pharmacological and no pharmacological gastroesophageal protection was obtained from the medical charts and prescriptions. RESULTS: 400 elderly patients were evaluated by using the Carlsson-Dent test. GERD prevalence was 25% (CI 95% 21-29) the average age of patients with and without GERD was 68 +/- 7 years and 70 +/- 7 years respectively (p = .002). Women suffered GERD more frequently than men (p = 0.001). GERD diagnosis was not found in any of the reviewed medical charts. Antacids, histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2 As) and prokinetics were prescribed in 39% (CI 95% 34-44) of patients with GERD and in 18% (CI 95% 15-21) without GERD. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients attending to primary care facilities often have GERD symptoms, but they are not properly diagnosed or followed up. The Carlsson-Dent questionnaire is an alternative to identify GERD patients.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness and secondary effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and acute community-acquired cystitis. METHODS: A randomized single blind clinical trial was conducted in the family medicine clinic No. 91 of Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Coacalco, Mexico. The study included women with DM2 and acute cystitis who were randomly allocated to one of the following schemes: TMP-SMX (160/800 mg every 12 h), ciprofloxacin (500 mg every 12 h) or nitrofurantoin (100 mg every 6 h) for 10 days. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Bacteriologic eradication at the end of the treatment was observed in 18/23 (78 %) of patients treated with ciprofloxacin; 14/18 (78%) of patients treated with nitrofurantoin; and 9/20 (45 %) of patients treated with TMP-SMX (p = .036). The difference between nitrofurantoin and TMP-SMX, as well as between ciprofloxacin with TMPSMX, was 33 % for both (95 % confidence interval = 4 %, 62 %, and 5 %, 61 % , respectively). The most frequently isolated bacterium was Escherichia coli (75 %), The in vitro resistance rate to TMP-SMX was 76 %, to ciprofloxacin 17 % and to nitrofurantoin 13 % (p = 0.05). The main adverse effects were slight to moderate headache, nausea, and pyrosis in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin were more effective than TMP-SMX for the treatment of community-acquired acute cystitis in Mexican women with DM2. This is probably due to differences in the resistance rates and is probably not specific for diabetic patients; All three antimicrobials were safe.

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OBJECTIVE: To adapt and validate the Spanish language version of the Diabetes 39 instrument, which measures quality of life,for Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Spanish language version of the instrument was adapted to make it more comprehensible to Mexican patients. In a cross-sectional survey, the instrument was administered on two different days to 260 patients with type DM-2. Glycated hemoglobin (HbAic), total cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, body mass index and waist/hip ratio were measured. Information about age, sex, time since diagnosis of diabetes, diabetes related complications and comorbidity was obtained. RESULTS: A total of 249 subjects completed the study, 62.7% of which were women. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was > or = 0.80 for the domains and 0.95 for the total score. The test-retest consistency for the total score was r = 0.82, p = 0.01. The median of the total score was 29 (on a scale of 0-100), which was considered the cutoff value for defining "better" (<29) and "worse" > or =29) quality of life.A worse quality of life was associated with diabetes related complications > or =1 (OR = 1.73; IC 95% 1.05-3.06); total cholesterol >240 mg/dL (OR = 4.43; IC 95% 1.23-16.26); comorbidity > or =2 diseases (OR = 2.36; IC 95% 1.31-4.28); diabetes longer than 10 years (OR = 2.19; IC 95% 1.2-3.78), and HbA(IC) >8% (OR = 1.81; IC 95% 1.09-2.99). The last three were identified as predictor variables for worse quality of life by logistic regression (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The adapted Spanish language version of Diabetes 39 is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the quality of life of Mexican patients with DM-2.

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OBJETIVO: Adaptar y validar la versión al español del cuestionario Diabetes 39, que mide calidad de vida, en pacientes mexicanos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM-2) MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Encuesta transversal realizada en una unidad de medicina familiar. Un panel de investigadores adaptó el instrumento, que se aplicó en dos ocasiones, por autoadministración, a una muestra de 260 pacientes con DM-2. Se midieron la hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1C), colesterol total, triglicéridos, tensión arterial, índice de masa corporal e índice cintura/cadera. Se obtuvieron datos sobre edad, sexo, tiempo de evolución, complicaciones diabéticas y comorbilidad RESULTADOS: Completaron el estudio 249 sujetos de los cuales 62.7 por ciento fueron mujeres. El alfa de Cronbach fue >0.80 para los dominios. La consistencia test-retest para la calificación total tuvo una r= 0.82, p= 0.01. La mediana de la puntuación total fue de 29 puntos (escala de 0 a 100) y se tomó como punto de corte para definir mejor (<29) y peor (>29) calidad de vida. En el análisis bivariado, una peor calidad de vida se asoció con complicaciones tardías de la diabetes >1 (RM= 1.73; IC95 por ciento 1.05-3.06); colesterol total >240 mg/dL (RM= 4.43; IC95 por ciento 1.23-16.26); comorbilidad >2 enfermedades (RM= 2.36; IC95 por ciento 1.31-4.28); evolución mayor a 10 años (RM= 2.19; IC95 por ciento 1.27-3.78) y HbA1C >8 por ciento (RM= 1.81; IC95 por ciento 1.09-2.99). Las tres últimas fueron predictoras de peor calidad de vida en la regresión logística (p< 0.05) CONCLUSIONES: La versión adaptada en idioma español del Diabetes 39 es un instrumento válido y confiable para medir la calidad de vida en los pacientes mexicanos con DM-2.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with complaints of patients against physicians who work at general hospitals of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (MISS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: All the medical complaint files in a three-year period at the nine general hospitals of Mexico State MISS East District were examined. For each complaint filed, two control files were selected from the same hospital and clinical area. Associations were assessed using odds ratios and logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 130 complaint cases and 260 controls were included. Seven out of 14 risk factors were selected: complications during hospitalization (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-5.8), diagnostic error (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.7-5.6), use of diagnostic tests (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.2-11.3), insufficient information given by physicians (OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.22-5.7), voluntary hospital discharge (OR 7.2, 95% CI 2.22-23.6), lack of clinical monitoring during hospitalization (OR 19.12, 95% CI 2.25-162.6), and multiple vaginal revisions during labor (OR 5.17, 95% CI 1.5 17.07). Complaints were filed more often when there was a poor patient-physician relationship, deficient monitoring during labor, therapeutic error, and delay in surgery. Statistical significance was not attained. CONCLUSIONS: Complaints against Mexico State MISS hospital physicians were associated with diagnostic technical factors, as well as with the patients' perception of receiving deficient information and care during hospitalization. The English version of this paper is available at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

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OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados a la gestión de quejas contra los médicos que trabajan en hospitales generales del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron las quejas presentadas y los expedientes clínicos correspondientes, en los nueve hospitales de la Delegación Estado de México Oriente, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Por cada expediente clínico con queja se seleccionaron como controles dos expedientes sin queja, de la misma unidad y servicio. Se buscaron asociaciones por medio de razón de momios y regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 130 expedientes motivo de queja y 260 expedientes control. Se identificaron siete factores asociados a queja de 14 investigados: complicaciones durante la atención RM 2.8 (IC 95 por ciento 1.3-5.8), error diagnóstico RM 3.18 (IC 95 por ciento 1.7-5.6), utilización de estudios de gabinete RM 3.7 (IC 95 por ciento 1.2-11.3), información deficiente por parte del médico RM 2.64 (IC 95 por ciento 1.2-5.7), alta voluntaria RM 7.2 (IC 95 por ciento 2.2-23.6), falta de vigilancia durante la hospitalización RM 19.12 (IC 95 por ciento 2.2-162.6) y revisiones vaginales múltiples durante el trabajo de parto RM 5.17 (IC 95 por ciento 1.5-17.07). Hubo tendencia a la presentación de quejas cuando se reportaron: mala relación médico-paciente, deficiente atención del trabajo de parto, error terapéutico y diferimiento de cirugía, sin significancia estadística. CONCLUSIONES: Las quejas contra médicos de hospitales del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social en el Estado de México se asocian con aspectos técnicos en el diagnóstico y con la percepción del derechohabiente de recibir información y vigilancia deficientes durante la hospitalización.

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OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a specific instrument to measure lifestyle of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A longitudinal, observational, prospective study was conducted between March 2001 and April 2002 at family medicine healthcare units of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Institute of Social Security (MISS)) in Mexico State's East District. A self-administered instrument (instrument to measure diabetic lifestyles, IMEVID) was designed to measure the lifestyles of diabetic patients. It was submitted for review by a multidisciplinary group of experts who assessed its logical and content validity to measure the lifestyle in DM2 patients. The instrument was administered on two different days to 412 adult subjects with DM2. Some items were excluded on the basis of the frequency with which their answer choices were selected, as well as the item-total correlation, and the item's significant loads in several domains in factorial analysis. RESULTS: The sample population consisted of 389 (94.7% response) subjects who completed the study. Intraclass correlation coefficients for logical and content validity were 0.91 and 0.95 respectively. After depuration of items, the instrument had 25 closed items grouped in 7 domains: nutrition, physical activity, tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, information on diabetes, emotions, and therapeutic adherence. The global rating of the questionnaire had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.81 and a test-retest correlation coefficient of 0.84. CONCLUSIONS: The specific questionnaire IMEVID is the first to measure the lifestyle in subjects with DM2. It has logical validity, content validity, and a good level of consistency.

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OBJETIVO: Construir y validar un instrumento específico para medir el estilo de vida en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Entre marzo de 2001 y abril de 2002 se hizo un estudio observacional, longitudinal y prospectivo en unidades de medicina familiar de la delegación Estado de México Oriente, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Se diseñó un instrumento de autoadministración, denominado instrumento para medir el estilo de vida en diabéticos, el cual fue sometido a revisión por un panel multidisciplinario de expertos para determinar su validez lógica y de contenido. Se aplicó el instrumento en dos días diferentes a 412 sujetos adultos con diabetes mellitus. Fueron depurados los ítems considerando la frecuencia de selección de sus opciones de respuesta, su correlación ítem-total y su carga significativa en los dominios durante el análisis factorial. RESULTADOS: Completaron el estudio 389 (94.7 por ciento) sujetos. Los coeficientes de correlación intra-clase para la validez lógica y de contenido fueron de 0.91 y 0.95, respectivamente. Después de la depuración de ítems se obtuvo un instrumento conformado por 25 preguntas cerradas, distribuidas en siete dominios: nutrición, actividad física, consumo de tabaco, consumo de alcohol, información sobre diabetes, emociones y adherencia terapéutica. El a de Cronbach para la calificación total fue de 0.81 y el coeficiente de correlación test-retest de 0.84. CONCLUSIONES: El instrumento para medir el estilo de vida en diabéticos es el primer cuestionario específico para sujetos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y tiene validez aparente, validez de contenido y buen nivel de consistencia

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OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a diagnostic-therapeutic guideline (DTG) for the management of hospitalized diabetic patients, and apply it to a sample of medical files. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The DTG was constructed and then validated by a consensus of internist physicians, afterwards it was applied to a sample of 97 randomly selected medical files of diabetic patients discharged from a internal medicine service. Hospitalization time, studies requested, average glycemia, glycemic prior to the discharge, time for to achieve glycemic control and mortality were compared at different percentages of the DTG's application. The results were analyzed by U of Mann-Whitney and ANOVA of Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTS: The intra-class correlation coefficient among the physicians for the guide validation was 0.94, with minimal modifications of content and format. The time, in hours, to achieve glycemic control was minor with a higher application percentage of the complete guide, p < 0.001, and also of the therapeutic domain, p = 0.05. The last glycemic prior to the discharge was lower with a higher application than 75% of the diagnostic domain, p < 0.001. A higher application percentage of the entire guide was found in living subjects more than in deceased subjects, p = 0.001, and also of the therapeutic domain, p = 0.008, and of the diagnostic domain p = 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: A higher level of application of the DTG is associated with a shorter time to achieve glycemic control, lower glycemic prior to the discharge and lower mortality.

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Introducción: la selección de alimentos para la dieta recomendada al diabético se basa principalmente en el contenido de nutrimentos y el aporte calórico que proporcionan, más que en el índice glucémico (IG).Objetivo: determinar el índice glucémico y la magnitud de la respuesta glucémica a las dos horas de ingestión de algunos alimentos prescritos a pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.Diseño: descriptivo, transversal comparativo.Material y métodos: se midió IG de 12 alimentos mezclados y de un alimento industrializado para pacientes con diabetes. El alimento que se utilizó como referencia para comparar la magnitud de la elevación glucémica y el IG fue el pan blanco de caja. Cada uno de los alimentos fue administrado a no menos de cinco sujetos, en una cantidad calculada con base en 25 g de hidratos de carbono.Resultados: sólo en cuatro alimentos se observó IG bajo, considerando un punto de corte de 70. Existe correlación entre IG con el cálculo obtenido del área bajo la curva de la glucosa, con la glucemia a los 120 minutos y la magnitud de su elevación. No hubo correlación con el contenido de nutrimentos, tiempo de consumo, o grado de obesidad de los pacientes.Conclusiones: el índice glucémico de los alimentos debe considerarse al diseñar la dieta para el paciente diabético.

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