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CONTEXT: Although teacher violence at schools is a serious problem in Haiti, there is a lack of systematic evidence on the effectiveness of school-based interventions in reducing teacher violence in this low-income country. OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of the preventative intervention Interaction Competencies with Children for Teachers (ICC-T) aiming to reduce teachers' use of violent disciplinary strategies and to improve their interaction competences with children in the Haitian context. DESIGN SETTING PARTICIPANTS: The study is designed as a two-arm matched cluster randomized controlled trial. The sample consists of 468 teachers and 1,008 children from 36 (community and public) primary schools around Cap-Haïtien (Département du Nord) in Haiti. Data will be collected in three phases, before the intervention, and 6 and 18 months after. INTERVENTION: In the group of intervention schools, ICC-T will be delivered as a 5-day training workshop. Workshop sessions are divided into five modules: 1) improving teacher-student interactions, 2) maltreatment prevention, 3) effective discipline strategies, 4) identifying and supporting burdened students, and 5) implementation in everyday school life. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The main outcome measure is teacher violence assessed in two ways: (i) teachers' self-reported use of violence, and (ii) children's self-reported experiences of violence by teachers. CONCLUSIONS: Prior evaluations of ICC-T had been conducted in sub-Saharan Africa with promising results. This study will test for the first time the effectiveness of this intervention outside the context of sub-Saharan Africa.

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Most research on the political consequences of international migration conceptualizes financial remittances as being a substitute for state-provided assistance. This paper tests the actual validity of this assumption. Using data from the 2012-2016 Americas Barometer, the analysis confirms previous findings on the negative impact of financial remittances on electoral turnout intentions. However it reveals that this effect does not vary according to an individual's beneficiary status of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) assistance. This finding is corroborated using data aggregated at the municipal level within Mexico. Accordingly, voter turnout rates in a given municipality for the 2012 presidential election are negatively associated with the percentage of households receiving remittances in that municipality. However, this association does not vary with the spending on CCT assistance within a given municipality. The evidence thus suggests that financial remittances undermine electoral participation through mechanisms other than the substitution of state-sponsored assistance, and as such further research is needed for us to discover what is really going on here.

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Zygomycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by fungi of the Mucorales order. It’s potentially lethal infection which generally affects diabetic or inmunocomprised patients. Cavernous sinus thrombosis is uncommon complication. We report the case of a 67 year old woman with invasive zycomycosis who present cranial nerves dysfunction (III, IV, VI, V1 and V2 branches of the trigeminal nerve), proptosis and retroorbital pain as initial manifestation. Brain magnetic resonance imaging evidence early indirect signs. Biopsy of the cavernous sinus revealed Rhizopus as the offending agent. A high index of suspicion is needed to correctly diagnose this condition for its optimal management.

La zigomicosis es una infección oportunista y potencialmente letal producida por hongos del orden Mucorales. Afecta a pacientes diabéticos e inmunocomprometidos. La trombosis del seno cavernoso es una complicación poco frecuente. Presentamos el caso de una paciente mujer de 67 años diagnosticada de zigomicosis invasiva que debutó con compromiso de pares craneales (III, IV, VI además de las ramas V1 y V2 del nervio trigémino), proptosis y dolor retroorbitario derecho. La resonancia magnética craneal, en fase aguda, mostró signos indirectos característicos. La biopsia de seno cavernoso confirmó la presencia de Rhizopus. Se precisa un alto índice de sospecha clínica que favorezca una intervención terapéutica precoz y agresiva.

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