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The effect of goat or cow milk-based diets, with either normal Fe content or an Fe overload, on bone turnover and the mineralization process was studied in control and anemic rats during chronic Fe repletion. One hundred eighty male Wistar rats were studied during a pre-experimental period of 40 d in which they were randomly divided into 2 groups, a control group receiving the AIN-93G diet with normal Fe content (45 mg/kg of diet) and the Fe-deficient group receiving the AIN-93G diet with low Fe content (5mg/kg of diet) for 40 d. After the pre-experimental period, the rats were fed for 10, 30, or 50 d with goat or cow milk-based diets with a normal Fe content (45 mg/kg of diet) or an Fe overload (450 mg/kg of diet). In anemic rats, goat milk with normal Fe content increased levels of the biomarker of bone formation N-terminal propeptides of type I procollagen and diminished parathyroid hormone levels after only 10 d of supplying this diet, indicating the beginning of restoration of the bone demineralization induced by the anemia, which was not observed with cow milk. After 30 d of supplying the milk-based diets with normal Fe content or an Fe overload, biomarkers of bone formation and bone resorption were not different between control and anemic rats, indicating that the bone demineralization induced by the Fe-deficiency anemia had recovered, although the process of stabilization of bone turnover began earlier in the animals fed goat milk. In addition, a higher Ca deposit was observed in femur, which positively affects bone mineralization, as well as an increase of Fe in sternum, which indicates that the hematopoietic process essentially recovered earlier on the goat milk diet compared with the cow milk diet.

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La anemia ferropénica nutricional provoca una alteración de gran importancia en el metabolismo fosfocálcico. Con este estudio pretendemos comprobar cómo la anemia ferropénica nutricional afect ael depósito de Ca y P en fémur y el contenido de Fe en esternón, para ello determinamos Fe y Ca por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y de P por espectrofotometría ultravioleta visible en ratas macho raza Wistar albina ferrodeficientes. El depósito de Ca y P en el fémur es significativamente (P <0.001) más bajo para el grupo anémico. Esto puede deberse al incremento de los niveles séricos de PTH y cortisol, inducidos por la ferrodeficiencia severa (Campos y col., 2007). Además se produce una drástica disminución (P < 0.001) en el contenido de Fe en esternón, hecho que incide de manera muy negativa en el proceso hematopoyético(AU)

Nutritional iron-deficiency anemia provokes a noteworthy alteration in the phosphorus and calcium metabolism. With the current study we tried to check how the nutritional iron deficiency anemia affects Ca and P deposit in femur and the Fe content in sternum. We determined Fe and Ca by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and P by ultraviolet /visibly spectrophotometry in Fe-deficient male wistar albino rats. Ca and P deposit in femur is significantly lower in the anaemic group. This can be due to the increase of the serum levels of PTH and cortisol, induced by the severe Fe-deficiency. In addition, a drastic decrease in the Fe content in sternum was recorded, fact that affects in a very negative way in the haematopoietic process(AU)

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Incretins are hormones produced in the intestine that are released in response to oral intake of nutrients, above all carbohydrates. They are powerful secretors that increase insulin release. The two most important incretin hormones are GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; also known as gastric inhibitory peptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1). GLP-1 not only stimulates insulin secretion but also reduces glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, improves insulin sensitivity and increases satiety. Other nutrients may also stimulate insulin secretion: oleic acid and serum protein. Currently a new therapeutic armamentarium focused on the role of incretins is being developed to improve the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2).

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Las incretinas son sustancias que se producen en el intestino y se liberan en respuesta a la ingestión oral de nutrientes, sobre todo hidratos de carbono, siendo poderosas secretagogas que aumentan la liberación de insulina. Las 2 hormonas incretinas más importantes son el polipéptido inhibidor gástrico (GIP) y el péptido-1 similar al glucagón (GLP-1). Además de estimular la secreción de insulina, el GLP-1 suprime la liberación de glucagón, enlentece el vaciamiento gástrico, mejora la sensibilidad a la insulina y reduce el consumo de alimentos. Otros nutrientes pueden estimular también la secreción de insulina, como son el ácido oleico y la proteína de suero. Hoy día se está desarrollando un nuevo arsenal terapéutico centrado en el papel de las incretinas para un mejor abordaje de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2) (AU)

Incretins are hormones produced in the intestine that are released in response to oral intake of nutrients, above all carbohydrates. They are powerful secretors that increase insulin release. The two most important incretin hormones are GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; also known as gastric inhibitory peptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1). GLP-1 not only stimulates insulin secretion but also reduces glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, improves insulin sensitivity and increases satiety. Other nutrients may also stimulate insulin secretion: oleic acid and serum protein. Currently a new therapeutic armamentarium focused on the role of incretins is being developed to improve the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2) (AU)

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Antecedentes: El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la ingesta de vitamina A en la población andaluza y su distribución por sexo y edad. Ámbito del estudio: El tamaño muestral fue de 3.680 individuos sanos de ambos sexos, residentes y censados en la Comunidad Autónoma Andaluza, realizándose un estudio probabilístico, estratificado y polietápico. Sujetos: Hombres y mujeres con edades comprendidas entre los 25 y los 60 años ambos inclusive. Intervenciones: Mediante una entrevista personal, se recogieron los hábitos de salud de los individuos encuestados y se realizó una encuesta de alimentación consistente en primer lugar en un Recordatorio de 48 horas, en el cual se analizó la ingesta alimentaria de cada individuo seleccionado y se ha determinado no sólo el tipo de alimentos y la cantidad consumida, sino también la forma de preparación y sus ingredientes, distribuyéndolos en las distintas comidas diarias. Resultados: La ingesta media de vitamina A en Andalucía es de 800,63 μg/día. En los hombres la ingesta de vitamina A es superior a las mujeres, aunque dichos valores se encuentran por debajo de las IR para ambos sexos. La ingesta de vitamina A en los hombres disminuye con la edad, mientras que para las mujeres el grupo de 50-59 años es el que tiene una ingesta menor. El 8,84% de las mujeres y el 15,22% de los hombres presentan ingestas inferiores a 1/3 de las IR, lo que podría considerarse de alto riesgo. El porcentaje de individuos que presenta un posible riesgo de ingesta inadecuada para esta vitamina (valores inferiores a los 2/3 de las IR) es bastante elevado en la población andaluza. Conclusiones: En Andalucía la vitamina A presenta un consumo medio global aceptable, aunque alrededor de un 40% de la población puede presentar riesgo de ingesta inadecuada, siendo en el caso de los hombres esta situación más acentuada

Background: The aim of this study was to know the intake of vitamin A of the Andalusian population and its distribution by gender and age. Study setting: The sample size was 3680 healthy individuals, from both genders, residents and registered at census of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, with a multi-step, stratified and probabilistic study. Subjects: Men and women with ages between 25-60 years, both included. Interventions: By means of a personal interview, health habits of the individuals interviewed were gathered, and a dietary questionnaire was undertaken, which consisted, in the first place, of a 48-hour remembering analyzing dietary intake of each selected individual determining not only the type and quantity of foods consumed but also the way of cooking them and other ingredients, and distributing them according to the different daily meals. Results: Mean Vitamin A intake in Andalusia is 800,63 mg/day. Men have greater intake than women, although the values for both genders are under the recommended (RI) ones. Vitamin A intake decreases with age in men, whereas in women the age group 50- 69 years is the one having the lowest intake. 8,84% of women and 15,22% of men have intakes lower than 1/3 of de RI, which may be considered a high risk factor. The percentages of individuals having a likely risk of inadequate vitamin A ingestion (values lower than 2/3 of RI) are considerably high among the Andalusian population. Conclusions: Mean global intake of vitamin A in Andalusia is acceptable although about 40% of the population may be at risk of inappropriate ingestion, this condition being more pronounced for men

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to know the intake of vitamin A of the Andalusian population and its distribution by gender and age. STUDY SETTING: The sample size was 3680 healthy individuals, from both genders, residents and registered at census of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, with a multi-step, stratified and probabilistic study. SUBJECTS: Men and women with ages between 25-60 years, both included. INTERVENTIONS: By means of a personal interview, health habits of the individuals interviewed were gathered, and a dietary questionnaire was undertaken, which consisted, in the first place, of a 48-hour remembering analyzing dietary intake of each selected individual determining not only the type and quantity of foods consumed but also the way of cooking them and other ingredients, and distributing them according to the different daily meals. RESULTS: Mean Vitamin A intake in Andalusia is 800,63 mg/day. Men have greater intake than women, although the values for both genders are under the recommended (RI) ones. Vitamin A intake decreases with age in men, whereas in women the age group 50-69 years is the one having the lowest intake. 8,84% of women and 15,22% of men have intakes lower than 1/3 of de RI, which may be considered a high risk factor. The percentages of individuals having a likely risk of inadequate vitamin A ingestion (values lower than 2/3 of RI) are considerably high among the Andalusian population. CONCLUSIONS: Mean global intake of vitamin A in Andalusia is acceptable although about 40% of the population may be at risk of inappropriate ingestion, this condition being more pronounced for men.

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Adolescence constitutes a period of nutritional vulnerability due to increased dietary requirements for growth and development and special dietary habits. A pilot trial was performed to evaluate the dietary calcium utilization among a sample of Spanish boys on their usual diets, in which the calcium intake and consumption of dairy products were as well examined. Nutrient and food intake was recorded using a 24-h dietary recall and a 2-d food consumption record for 21 subjects aged 11-14 years. Dietary calcium utilization was assessed by means of calcium intake in food and calcium output in faeces and urine as measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Overall intake of dairy products was 399.3 +/- 22.1 g/d, and the single most consumed item was milk (72% of the total). An inverse relationship was found between dairy product consumption at breakfast (55% of the total) and BMI (p = 0.016, r = -0.5168). Dairy products contributed the majority of dietary calcium (66.9%). Mean calcium intake was 881.7 +/- 39.9 mg/d, 88% of the recommended value for Spanish adolescents. Net calcium absorption (271.7 +/- 51.7 mg/d) and retention (170.6 +/- 50.9 mg/d) seemed not to be sufficient to meet growth demands during puberty. The results shown that adolescents of the study absorbed 31% of dietary calcium and retained nearly 20% of the total intake, but dietary calcium intake and consumption of dairy products failed to meet recommended values. Optimizing calcium intake is of crucial importance among adolescents, to maximize calcium retention and to help prevent osteoporosis in later life.

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Adolescence constitutes a period of nutritional vulnerability due to increaseddietary requirements for growth and development and special dietary habits. A pilottrial was performed to evaluate the dietary calcium utilization among a sample ofSpanish boys on their usual diets, in which the calcium intake and consumption ofdairy products were as well examined. Nutrient and food intake was recorded usinga 24-h dietary recall and a 2-d food consumption record for 21 subjects aged 11-14years. Dietary calcium utilization was assessed by means of calcium intake in foodand calcium output in faeces and urine as measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Overall intake of dairy products was 399.3±22.1 g/d, and the singlemost consumed item was milk (72% of the total). An inverse relationship was foundbetween dairy product consumption at breakfast (55% of the total) and BMI(p=0.016, r=-0.5168). Dairy products contributed the majority of dietary calcium(66.9%). Mean calcium intake was 881.7±39.9 mg/d, 88% of the recommended valuefor Spanish adolescents. Net calcium absorption (271.7±51.7 mg/d) and retention(170.6±50.9 mg/d) seemed not to be sufficient to meet growth demands duringpuberty. The results shown that adolescents of the study absorbed 31% of dietarycalcium and retained nearly 20% of the total intake, but dietary calcium intake andconsumption of dairy products failed to meet recommended values. Optimizing calciumintake is of crucial importance among adolescents, to maximize calcium retentionand to help prevent osteoporosis in later life

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La declinación fisiológica de la función ovárica propia de la menopausia, con la consiguiente deficiencia estrogénica, condiciona una pérdida de masa ósea que predispone a la osteoporosis en esta etapa de la vida de la mujer. Durante años los expertos han recomendado la terapia hormonal sustitutiva (THS) para la prevención de esta pérdida ósea y otras manifestaciones asociadas al déficit estrogénico posmenopáusico que deterioran la calidad de vida de esta creciente subpoblación. Los datos iniciales, basados principalmente en resultados de estudios observacionales, indicaban una relación riesgo/beneficio favorable para esta modalidad terapéutica, incluso con una probable protección cardiovascular, fundamentando el amplio uso de la THS durante la pasada década. Sin embargo, hallazgos relevantes de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA), publicados en los últimos años, cuestionan el perfil de seguridad de la THS señalando la necesidad de reconsiderar su papel en el manejo a largo plazo de condiciones crónicas como la osteoporosis posmenopáusica. En el presente trabajo se revisan las evidencias actuales acerca de los beneficios y potenciales riesgos de la THS que condicionan sus posibles indicaciones terapéuticas (AU)

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OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to identify patterns of alcohol consumption among Spanish high school students and describe the relationship between alcohol intake and school performance. METHOD: The sample population consisted of students, aged 14 to 19 years, who were attending high school during the academic year 1994-95 in the city of Granada in southern Spain. We studied 1,602 (861 female) students (alpha error - 0.05, sampling error = 5%), using a self-administered questionnaire that contained items about individual and family demographics, quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, and school performance. Total alcohol consumption was recorded as grams (g) of alcohol per week and per day for three categories of alcoholic drinks: wine, beer and distilled spirits. RESULTS: The percentage of nondrinkers was 21.05% for male adolescents and 28.56% for female adolescents. The mean amount of alcohol consumed per week was larger in male than in female students (F= 18.36, l/l,594 df, p < .001) and distilled spirits accounted for the largest proportion of alcohol consumed. No significant differences in drinking patterns were found between students at public and private schools. The risk of academic failure increased considerably when more than 150 g of alcohol were consumed per week (OR: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.94-4.43). CONCLUSIONS: Although we cannot draw any conclusions about the causes of the association between academic failure and teenage drinking, our results do show that the risk of failing increases together with alcohol intake. However, it should be noted that academic achievement is also influenced by many factors other than alcohol consumption.

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The effect of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) processing methods on the nutritive utilization of calcium and phosphorus and on phytic acid, a seed component that affects mineral utilization, was studied. Chemical and biological methods were used for nutritional determinations in growing rats. The digestive utilization of calcium from raw chickpea was adequate for growing rats; however, processing resulted in a slight decrease. The metabolic utilization of chickpea calcium was low because of the low rates of net absorption. This was reflected in the decreased calcium levels in longissimus dorsi muscle in the absence of mobilization of calcium from the femur. Soaking in acid solution followed by cooking decreased phytic acid content, suggesting that processing made part of the phytic acid phosphorus available. The absorbed phosphorus was greater than the nonphytic phosphorus supplied by the diet. The digestive utilization of phosphorus was similar in processed and raw chickpeas, despite the loss of soluble anion as a result of processing. These results may indicate the contribution of phosphorus in the form of inositol hexaphosphate-phosphorus.

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The mitochondrial theory of aging suggests that this phenomenon is the consequence of random somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA, induced by long-term exposure to free radical attack. There are two potential dietary means of delaying the effects of free radicals on cellular aging, i.e., enrichment of mitochondrial membranes with monounsaturated fatty acids and supplementation with antioxidants. We have performed a preliminary study on male rats, 6 or 12 month old, fed with diets differing in the nature of the fat (virgin olive oil or sunflower oil) and/or with antioxidant supplementation (coenzyme Q10), analysing hydroperoxide and coenzyme Q9 and Q10 in heart mitochondria. Preliminary results allow us to conclude that the CoQ10 dietetic supplementation as well as the enrichment of the cellular membranes with monounsaturated fatty acids, successfully protect mitochondrial membranes from aged rats against the free radical insult.

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The presence of Coenzyme Q (CoQ) in food, its role in cellular bioenergetics and antioxidant protection and the key role played by dietary fatty acids on membrane structure support the interest for a wide research concerning the relationship between dietary fats, CoQ content and biochemical behaviour. Several models of peroxidative stress 'in vivo' have been extensively investigated in our laboratory, with particular regards to the influence of dietary fat upon mitochondrial CoQ levels. First studies showed that the unsaturation degree of dietary fat leads to different CoQ9 and CoQ10 mitochondrial contents. The highest levels were found using polyunsaturated fat. A significant CoQ9 decrease after adriamycin peroxidative induction was found when dietary fat was polyunsaturated; on the contrary, a light increase was found in the case of monounsaturated fat. Another example of oxidative stress is that produced by food frying. The results obtained were in some cases similar to those of the previous experimental design: in fact monounsaturated dietary fats increased CoQ mitochondrial contents, whereas the polyunsaturated ones decreased CoQ levels. Finally, the combined effect of physical exercise and dietary fats on tissue and plasma CoQ levels has been studied. CoQ levels did not change during aerobic performances when dietary fat was monounsaturated whereas light increases were detected in the case of polyunsaturated fats. On the contrary, in anaerobic conditions, CoQ levels clearly increased with monounsaturated fats and no alterations were found in the case of polyunsaturated ones.

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