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OBJECTIVE: GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (MTB/RIF) is a conceptually helpful tool for establishing tuberculosis (TB) disease. Negative results from the GeneXpert test do not exclude the possibility of diagnosing non-tuberculous mycobacteria lung disease (NTMLD) as a chronic pulmonary disease. When a patient is diagnosed on a clinical basis, and there is no bacteriological evidence of TB, it is necessary to consider NTM as one of the causes of disease with TB-like symptoms. The prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease is rising globally, but its diagnosis is still delayed and often misdiagnosed as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). This study highlights the implication of negative GeneXpert MTB/RIF results in suspected TB patients who conducted mycobacteria culture and detected the incidence of NTMLD. METHODS: In this experimental study, the performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF-negative results with those of mycobacteria cultures and lung abnormalities among suspected TB patients in a referral hospital in Indonesia were evaluated. From January to August 2022, 100 sputum samples from suspected chronic pulmonary TB patients with GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay-negative results were cultured in Lowenstein-Jensen medium, and the implication among negative GeneXpert result MTB/RIF assay. RESULTS: 7% were confirmed to have MTB and 1% had NTM by culture assay. Moreover, 34% were diagnosed with clinical TB and treated with anti-TB drugs. CONCLUSION: For patients with negative assay results of GeneXpert MTB/RIF regarding clinically suspected chronic TB infection, further diagnostic tests to determine the causative agents of the lung abnormalities should be carried out.

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Actinomycosis is a rare infection caused by Actinomyces spp. Of all actinomycosis infections, only 5% of Hepatic Actinomycosis (HA) infection has been reported. This disease is often misdiagnosed as a malignancy. This case report presents a 45-year-old woman with diabetes, initially suspected of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, but after careful tissue staining, we found the results supported HA infection.

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Background: In Indonesia, the National guideline for tuberculosis only recommended taking the DST to check INH resistance only for re-treatment cases of rifampicin-susceptible TB (RS-TB) detected by Xpert MTB/RIF. This study was conducted mainly to evaluate the proportion of isoniazid resistance in new cases of RS-TB according to the Xpert MTB/RIF. Methods: This was an observational descriptive study in RS-TB new patients diagnosed by Xpert MTB/RIF. Sputum samples were examined using first-line LPA and evaluated by culture-based DST. Results of first-line LPA and culture-based DST were compared and presented. Results: Fifty-four new cases of RS-TB (according Xpert MTB/RIF) were enrolled in this study. INH resistance was detected in 4 (7.4%) using FL-LPA and in 5 (9.3%) using culture-based DST. RIF resistance was also found in 1 (1.9%) using FL-LPA and in 2 (3.7%) using culture-based DST. Ethambutol resistance was also detected in 4 (7.4%) using culture-based DST. Conclusion: First-line LPA successfully revealed 4 (7.4%) of Hr-TB in new RS-TB cases detected by the Xpert MTB/RIF. In new cases with RS-TB detected by the Xpert MTB/RIF, FL- LPA can be used as rapid molecular DST to detect RIF and INH resistance followed by culture-based DST to examine other drug resistance.

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Septic arthritis caused by bacteria Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection has been widely reported from Europe and the United States. This case presentation reported the first Staphylococcal septic arthritis, preceded by systemic erythroderma skin lesions from aregional hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia. Radiology imaging was used for confirming the defect. Joint fluid aspirate from the affected knee joint lesion was sent for joint fluid analysis and microbiology culture. The analysis showed infiltration of neutrophil inflammatory cells. S. aureus was isolated on culture and demonstrated catalase positive and coagulase positive reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to determine the appropriate selection of antibiotics. Clindamycin was used for treatment and the complicated occurrence of deep vein thrombosis was treated with anticoagulant. Awareness of this disease and its progression to its complication deep vein thrombosis is required to understand the burden of this disease.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Handling of PTB and EPTB patients with adequate standard detection of MTBC and anti-TB drug sensitivity using accurate and rapid methods could provide good TB management and clinical treatment outcomes. The Xpert MTB/RIF assay is an automated, cartridge-based NAAT that can simultaneously detect MTBC and RIF resistance within 2 h. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of Xpert for determining diagnosis of PTB and EPTB in adults and children. METHODS: A descriptive study was performed using e-TB Manager data from the MDR-TB Clinic at Dr. Soetomo Academic Hospital. Suspected TB cases were from the areas of East Java Province from January 2016 to December 2018. Xpert assay was conducted using standardized criteria for clinically suspected TB, and MTBC-positive results with RR were examined by the culture method using MGIT 960 BACTEC System. RESULTS: A total of 1181 (1181/3009, 39.25%) sputum samples from suspected new MDR-PTB cases tested positive for MTBC with 3.02% RR. Among 3893 sputum samples from previously treated probable MDR-PTB cases tested using Xpert, 1936 (49.73%) were MTBC positive with 13.20% RR. Among 59 new suspected MDR-PTB cases tested using MGIT 960 BACTEC System, 55 tested positive for MTBC, although all RR strains were highly sensitive to amikacin (100%), kanamycin (95%), and ofloxacin (89%). A total of 49 children with suspected PTB were tested using Xpert, revealing low positivity (12%) for MTBC, with all RR strains being rifampicin sensitive (RS). Of the 86 suspected EPTB cases tested using Xpert, very few were MTBC-positive (26%), with 91% RS. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that in adults and children with PTB and EPTB, the Xpert assay achieved a low positivity detection rate for MTBC in samples from new or previously treated cases, and this could be the result of many factors.

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OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the detection of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) species derived from sputum specimens of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) suspects. Increasing prevalence and incidence of pulmonary infection by NTM species have widely been reported in several countries with geographical variation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2014 and September 2015, sputum specimens from chronic pulmonary TB suspect patients were analyzed. Laboratory examination of mycobacteria was conducted in the TB laboratory, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. Detection and identification of mycobacteria were performed by the standard culture method using the BACTEC MGIT 960 system (BD) and Lowenstein-Jensen medium. Identification of positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) was based on positive acid-fast bacilli microscopic smear, positive niacin accumulation, and positive TB Ag MPT 64 test results (SD Bioline). If the growth of positive cultures and acid-fast bacilli microscopic smear was positive, but niacin accumulation and TB Ag MPT 64 (SD Bioline) results were negative, then the isolates were categorized as NTM species. MTBC isolates were also tested for their sensitivity toward first-line anti-TB drugs, using isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and streptomycin. RESULTS: From 2440 sputum specimens of pulmonary TB suspect patients, 459 isolates (18.81%) were detected as MTBC and 141 (5.78%) as NTM species. CONCLUSION: From the analyzed sputum specimens, 18.81% were detected as MTBC and 5.78% as NTM species. Each pulmonary TB suspect patient needed clinical settings to suspect causative agents of MTBC and/or NTM species; clinicians have to understand the local epidemiological data for the evaluation of causes of lung infection to determine appropriate therapy.

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