Asunto(s)

Protección a la Infancia , Anomalías Congénitas/epidemiología , Salud Ambiental , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Anomalías Congénitas/etiología , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Japón , Masculino , Exposición Materna/efectos adversos , Embarazo , Medición de Riesgo

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly caused by incomplete fusion of urethral folds. Development of the urethra and external genital system in the male fetus is an androgen-dependent process. In this regard, enzymes 17 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17 ß HSD3, encoded by HSD17B3) and steroid 5 α-reductase type 2 (encoded by SRD5A2) play crucial roles. AIM: To investigate the possible associations between common polymorphisms in HSD17B3 as well as well-known V89L polymorphism in SRD5A2 and risk of hypospadias. METHODS: A case-control study was performed between 1999 and 2005. There were 89 Japanese boys with hypospadias and 291 newborn controls. We genotyped HSD17B3-1999T>C, +10A>G, +20A>G, +139G>A (V31I), +913G>A (G289S), and SRD5A2+336G>C (V89L) polymorphisms by allelic discrimination assay. We measured mRNA expression of the wildtype G289 allele and the mutant S289 allele of the HSD17B3 gene in the transfected human fetal kidney HEK293 cells. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Assessment of hypospadias including its severity and HSD17B3 and SRD5A2 genes using DNA blood samples: allele and genotype distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these two genes in cases and controls. RESULTS: In our study, the risk of hypospadias was significantly higher in subjects carrying homozygous HSD17B3+913A (289S) alleles (odds ratio [OR]: 3.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38-6.76). The risk of severe hypospadias was much higher in these subjects (OR: 3.93; 95% CI: 1.34-11.49). The mRNA expression levels of HSD17B3 G289 were higher than those of HSD17B3 S289 mutant (P < 0.001). In addition, the risk of severe hypospadias increased in boys carrying the SRD5A2+336C (89L) allele (OR: 3.19; 95% CI: 1.09-9.36). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the HSD17B3 G289S polymorphism may be a potential risk modifier for hypospadias. Our findings provide evidence that a certain genotype related to androgen production may potentiate risk of hypospadias.

Asunto(s)

17-Hidroxiesteroide Deshidrogenasas/genética , 3-Oxo-5-alfa-Esteroide 4-Deshidrogenasa/genética , Alelos , Hipospadias/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Frecuencia de los Genes/genética , Tamización de Portadores Genéticos , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Genotipo , Haplotipos/genética , Homocigoto , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Japón , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , ARN Mensajero/genética , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

Few epidemiologic investigations of visceral adiposity and colorectal neoplasms have attempted the direct quantification of visceral fat. The authors measured visceral fat volume among middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women who underwent colonoscopy and positron emission tomography/computed tomography for cancer screening in Tokyo, Japan, between February 2004 and February 2005, and examined the association between visceral adiposity and colorectal adenoma in 1,205 eligible subjects. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for colorectal adenoma were estimated by using an unconditional logistic regression model after adjustment for potential confounders. Despite its high correlation with body mass index, visceral fat volume was associated with the prevalence of colorectal adenoma independently of body mass index in both sexes. After further adjustment for body mass index, the odds ratio of colorectal adenoma for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of visceral fat volume was 1.58 (95% confidence interval: 1.11, 2.24) for men and women combined. Conversely, body mass index was unlikely to modify the association between visceral fat volume and colorectal adenoma (P(interaction) = 0.39). These findings add to accumulating evidence that visceral adiposity exerts an important influence on the pathogenesis of colorectal neoplasms. The mechanisms of this potential association between visceral adiposity and colorectal carcinogenesis warrant further investigation.

Asunto(s)

Adenoma/epidemiología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/epidemiología , Grasa Intraabdominal/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Colonoscopía , Neoplasias Colorrectales/diagnóstico , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Prevalencia , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X

RESUMEN

In spite of their anticarcinogenic potential, the effect of coffee and green tea consumption on the risk of liver cancer has not been clarified prospectively in consideration of hepatitis C (HCV) and B virus (HBV) infection. We examined whether coffee and green tea consumption was associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer by hepatitis virus infection status in the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Cohort II. A total of 18,815 subjects ages 40 to 69 years participating in a questionnaire and health checkup survey in 1993 to 1994 were followed for the incidence of liver cancer through 2006. A total of 110 cases of liver cancer were newly documented. Hazard ratios for coffee and green tea consumption categories were calculated with a Cox proportional hazards model. Compared with almost never drinkers, increased coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer in all subjects (hazard ratio for <1, 1-2, and >or=3 cups/d; P(trend) = 0.67, 0.49, 0.54, and 0.025). A similar risk tendency was observed in those with either or both HCV and HBV infection. In contrast, no association was observed between green tea consumption and the risk of liver cancer in all subjects. Our results suggest that coffee consumption may reduce the risk of liver cancer regardless of HCV and HBV infection status, whereas green tea may not reduce this risk

Asunto(s)

Café , Hepatitis Viral Humana/virología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/epidemiología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virología , Té , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C , Humanos , Incidencia , Japón/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios

RESUMEN

The impact of metabolic factors, which are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, on total cancer risk has not been clarified. We prospectively examined whether metabolic factors and their aggregates predict the subsequent occurrence of total and major sites of cancer in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. A total of 27 724 participants (9548 men and 18 176 women) aged 40-69 years participating in a questionnaire and health checkup survey in 1993-1995 were followed for total cancer incidence through 2004. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for metabolic factors and for two criteria of their aggregates (three or more than three factors and two or more than two additional factors in addition to being overweight) with a Cox proportional hazards model to control for potential confounding factors. In both sexes, the presence of metabolic factors in the aggregate did not predict subsequent occurrence of cancer as a whole. By site, a significant increase in risk was observed for male liver cancer [HR = 1.73, CI = 1.03-2.91 (three or more than three factors); HR = 1.99, CI = 1.11-3.58 (two or more than two additional factors in addition to being overweight)], and female pancreatic cancer [HR = 1.99, CI = 1.00-3.96 (two or more than two additional factors in addition to being overweight)]. For other sites, positive associations were observed only for specific metabolic factors, that is, high triglycerides and male colon cancer (HR = 1.71, CI = 1.11-2.62), and obesity and female breast cancer (HR = 1.75, CI = 1.21-2.55). Metabolic factors in the aggregate may have little impact on total cancer risk in the Japanese population, although the association between specific components and specific cancers suggests an etiologic link between them.

Asunto(s)

Glucemia/metabolismo , HDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Triglicéridos/sangre , Adulto , Anciano , Presión Sanguínea , Composición Corporal , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/etiología , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

Although many studies have examined associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 genes and breast cancer risk, no study has examined functional SNPs in the CYP3A5 gene and only a small number of studies have been investigated in Japanese populations. To examine the association between six SNPs, CYP1A1(*)2A, CYP1A1(*)2C, CYP1A2(*)1F, CYP1B1 Arg(48)Gly, CYP1B1 Leu(432)Val and CYP3A5*3 and breast cancer risk, therefore, we conducted hospital-based case-control studies in Nagano, Japan and São Paulo, Brazil including 873 pairs (403 Japanese (JJ), 81 Japanese Brazilians (JB) and 389 non-Japanese Brazilians (NJB)). Although we found no significant association in the three populations combined, subgroup analyses revealed statistically significant associations of CYP1A2*1F in NJB, and CYP1B1 Leu(432)Val and CYP3A5*3 in JJ with breast cancer risk. Compared to women with the AA genotype in CYP1A2*1F, the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for NJB with the CC genotype was 0.54 (0.32-0.90); that for JJ with Leu/Val+Val/Val versus Leu/Leu genotype in CYP1B1 Leu(432)Val was 0.68 (0.48-0.97); and that for JJ with (*)3/(*)1+(*)1/(*)1 versus (*)3/(*)3 genotype in CYP3A5*3 was 1.49 (1.10-2.04). Our findings provide further evidence that genetic polymorphisms related to estrogen metabolism may play a role in the development of breast cancer.

Asunto(s)

Indio Americano o Nativo de Alaska/genética , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Estrógenos/metabolismo , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Polimorfismo Genético , Adulto , Anciano , Brasil , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Intervalos de Confianza , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes/genética , Humanos , Japón/etnología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The association between metabolic factors and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been well clarified. We prospectively examined whether metabolic factors predicts the subsequent risk of HCC in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Cohort II, in consideration of hepatitis virus infection status. METHODS: A total of 17,590 subjects aged 40-69 participating in a questionnaire and health checkup survey during 1993-1994 were followed for incidence of HCC through 2006. A total of 102 cases of HCC were newly documented. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for metabolic factors controlling for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: The presence of metabolic factors in the aggregate was associated with a significantly increased risk of HCC, especially with hepatitis virus infection. HCC was positively associated particularly with high glucose (HR = 1.75, CI = 1.11-2.74) and overweight (HR = 2.22, CI = 1.42-3.48). Results were similar when analyses were limited to subjects with HCV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Although metabolic factors in the aggregate may be associated with an increased risk of HCC, the main contributors to this association under HCV infection appear to be overweight and high glucose. Improvement of these factors may be a crucial target in preventing progression to HCC in those with HCV infection.

Asunto(s)

Carcinoma Hepatocelular/epidemiología , Hepatitis C/complicaciones , Neoplasias Hepáticas/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/etiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/etiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Grupos de Población , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is much higher in men than in women. Several experiment and epidemiological studies have suggested that estrogen might play an inhibitory role in the development of HCC. Because isoflavones have a similar structure as 17beta-estradiol and appear to have an anti-estrogenic effect in women and estrogenic effect in men, we hypothesized that the effect of isoflavones on HCC differs by sex. We investigated the association between isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) and soy products and HCC in Japan in a population-based prospective study in 19,998 Japanese (7,215 men and 12,783 women) aged 40-69 years. During 11.8 years of follow-up, 101 subjects (69 men and 32 women) were newly diagnosed with HCC. Case patients were grouped according to consumption of isoflavones and soy products and stratified by hepatitis virus infection. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for HCC were calculated by Cox proportional-hazards modeling. In women, genistein and daidzein were dose-dependently associated with an increased risk of HCC, with multivariable HRs for the highest versus lowest tertile of 3.19 (95%CI = 1.13-9.00, p(trend) = 0.03) and 3.90 (95% CI = 1.30-11.69, p(trend) = 0.01), respectively. No association between isoflavones and HCC was observed in men. These results persisted when analysis was restricted to subjects positive for either or both hepatitis C and B virus. In conclusion, isoflavone consumption may be associated with an increased risk of HCC in women. Women with hepatitis virus infection may be advised to abstain from isoflavone consumption. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

Asunto(s)

Carcinoma Hepatocelular/epidemiología , Dieta/efectos adversos , Isoflavonas/farmacología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Pueblo Asiatico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/etiología , Femenino , Hepatitis B/complicaciones , Hepatitis C/complicaciones , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/etiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low Ca intake on the 10-year incidence of vertebral fractures in cohorts I and II of the Japan Public Health Centre-based Prospective Study. The baseline studies were conducted in 1990-1994, with the follow-up studies conducted after 10 years. We analysed 33,970 subjects aged 40-59 years in cohort I and 41,664 subjects aged 40-69 years in cohort II. At baseline, the intake of Ca was assessed as a predictor, using validated FFQ. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate a summary relative risk (RR) for the two cohort studies. The 10-year cumulative incidences of self-reported vertebral fractures were 0.38% for cohort I and 0.56% for cohort II. In women, lower Ca intake was associated with a higher incidence of vertebral fractures (P for trend=0.001), with the lowest quartile of Ca intake having a significantly higher incidence (0.89/1000 persons per year or RR 2.10 (95% CI 1.25, 3.55)) than that (0.42/1000 persons per year) of the highest. In addition, the RR calculated using energy-adjusted Ca intake (by the residual method) as an outcome was 1.92 (95% CI 1.28, 2.88). However, no such association was observed in men. An increase of Ca intake should be considered as a preventive strategy for vertebral fractures in peri- and post-menopausal women with a low Ca intake.

Asunto(s)

Calcio de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Incidencia , Japón/epidemiología , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Posmenopausia , Estudios Prospectivos , Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios

RESUMEN

Coffee and caffeine consumption are thought to increase the risk of bladder cancer. However, few studies have stratified this risk by smoking status, which is a potential confounder. Here, we investigated the association between coffee, green tea (another major source of caffeine), and caffeine, and bladder cancer incidence in relation to smoking status. We conducted a population-based prospective study in a cohort of Japanese, comprising a total of 49 566 men and 54 874 women aged 40­69 years who reported their coffee and green tea consumption at baseline. During follow-up from 1990 through 2005, 164 men and 42 women were newly diagnosed with bladder cancer. Cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, with a strong dose­response relationship. Coffee was positively associated with bladder cancer risk in men, without statistical significance. When stratified by smoking status, coffee and caffeine consumption were associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in never- or former-smoking men, with hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) in the highest categories of coffee (one or more cups per day) and caffeine consumption compared with the lowest of 2.24 (95% CI = 1.21­4.16) and 2.05 (95% CI = 1.15­3.66), respectively. In conclusion, cigarette smoking was confirmed as a risk factor for bladder cancer. Coffee and caffeine may be associated with an increased bladder cancer risk in never or former smokers among Japanese men.

Asunto(s)

Cafeína/administración & dosificación , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/administración & dosificación , Café , Fumar/efectos adversos , Té , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Bebidas , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Incidencia , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Tasa de Supervivencia , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

We examined the effect of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and flushing response on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a large-scale population-based cohort study. 44,970 middle-aged and older Japanese men were followed. A total of 215 cases of ESCC were newly diagnosed. Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are strongly associated with the incidence of ESCC. Heavy alcohol consumption increased the risk of ESCC especially among heavy smokers with the flushing response (HR = 3.41, 95% CI = 2.10-5.51). Strong effect modification was detected in heavy smokers. Our results suggest that heavy alcohol consumption together with heavy smoking may increase the risk of ESCC particularly in individuals with the flushing response.

Asunto(s)

Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Neoplasias Esofágicas/epidemiología , Rubor , Nicotiana , Fumar , Estudios de Cohortes , Humanos , Vigilancia de la Población , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: The incidence of prostate cancer is much lower in Japanese than Western populations. Given the preventive effects of isoflavones on carcinogenesis in the prostate in many nonhuman studies and the high consumption of isoflavones in Japanese, this low incidence may be partly due to the effects of soy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study within the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. A total of 14,203 men aged 40 to 69 years who had returned the baseline questionnaire and provided blood samples were observed from 1990 to 2005. During a mean of 12.8 years of follow-up, 201 newly diagnosed prostate cancers were identified. Two matched controls for each case were selected from the cohort. Conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for prostate cancer in relation to plasma levels of isoflavone. RESULTS: Plasma genistein level tended to be inversely associated with the risk of total prostate cancer. Although plasma daidzein showed no association, the highest tertile for plasma equol, a metabolite of daidzein, was significantly associated with a decreased risk of total prostate cancer (OR = 0.60; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.99; P(trend) = .04). These inverse associations were strengthened after analysis was confined to localized cases, with ORs in the highest group of plasma genistein and equol compared with the lowest of 0.54 (95% CI, 0.29 to 1.01; P(trend) = .03) and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.22 to 0.82; P(trend) = .02), respectively. Plasma isoflavone levels were not statistically significantly associated with the risk of advanced prostate cancer. CONCLUSION: Isoflavones may prevent the development of prostate cancer.

Asunto(s)

Isoflavonas/sangre , Neoplasias de la Próstata/sangre , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios de Cohortes , Humanos , Japón , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios

RESUMEN

Evidence for an association between reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use, and colorectal cancer risk from previous epidemiological studies remains controversial and information from nonwestern populations is limited. We analyzed this association in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, conducted in 48 511 Japanese women aged 40-69 years who responded to a self-administered questionnaire that included history of reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use, and other factors. During a mean follow-up of 12 years, a total of 538 colorectal cancer cases were newly identified. Age at menarche, menopausal status, history of exogenous female hormone use, parity, number of births, age at first birth, history of breast feeding, and reproductive period (postmenopausal women only) were not associated with colorectal cancer. When colon and rectal cancer were, however, analyzed separately among all women, multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for colon cancer for age at first birth of 23-25, 26-29, 30 years or more in comparison to that at 22 years or less were 0.84 (0.64-1.12), 0.73 (0.53-1.01), and 0.66 (0.41-1.09), respectively (P for trend=0.03). These results were strengthened for colon cancer when analysis was restricted to postmenopausal women (P for trend=0.01), but no association was seen in premenopausal women (P for trend=0.59). In contrast, no statistically significant association was found for rectal cancer. These findings suggest that late age at first birth is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer in postmenopausal Japanese women.

Asunto(s)

Neoplasias Colorrectales/etiología , Anticonceptivos Femeninos/uso terapéutico , Reproducción/fisiología , Historia Reproductiva , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Neoplasias Colorrectales/epidemiología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hormonas Gonadales/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Incidencia , Japón , Centros de Salud Materno-Infantil , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios

RESUMEN

Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated a decrease in the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) associated with higher fruit and vegetable intake, although the association has been examined predominantly in case-control studies. Here, we conducted a population-based prospective cohort study among middle-aged Japanese men. Lifestyle characteristics were investigated using a self-administered questionnaire, which included a validated food frequency questionnaire with 138 food and beverage items. We followed a total of 38,790 men aged 45-74 years. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for esophageal SCC, with adjustment for potential confounders. During 297,651 person-years of follow-up, a total of 116 men were newly diagnosed with esophageal SCC. An increase in consumption of total fruit and vegetables by 100 grams per day (g/day) was associated with an 11% decrease in the incidence of esophageal SCC (95% CI: 1-21%). In particular, a higher intake of cruciferous vegetables was associated with a significant decrease in risk (HR per 100 g/day: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.23-0.82). Stratified analyses revealed that the beneficial effect of fruits and vegetables was not able to completely offset the harmful effect of tobacco and alcohol. Our findings provide further evidence for the protective role of fruits and vegetables in the development of esophageal SCC. To effectively reduce the burden of this disease, however, priority should be placed on smoking and drinking cessation. Finally, cruciferous vegetables deserve further investigation as foods possibly effective in the prevention of esophageal SCC.

Asunto(s)

Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiología , Neoplasias Esofágicas/epidemiología , Frutas , Verduras , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estudios Prospectivos

RESUMEN

Coffee has been proposed to decrease the circulating insulin and estrogen levels, which are related to the development of endometrial cancer. However, few studies have prospectively assessed the association between coffee consumption and endometrial cancer. We conducted a population-based prospective cohort study in 53,724 Japanese women aged 40-69 years with no history of cancer at baseline in 1990-1994. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of endometrial cancer incidence in relation to coffee consumption. All reported p values are 2-tailed. During the 15-year follow-up period, we documented 117 cases of endometrial cancer. Coffee consumption was significantly associated with a decreased risk of endometrial cancer. After adjustment for age, study area, body mass index, menopausal status, age at menopause for postmenopausal women, parity, use of exogenous female hormones, smoking status and by consumption of green vegetables, beef, pork and green tea, the multivariate HRs (95% CI) of endometrial cancer in women who drank coffee /=3 cups/day were 1.00, 0.97 (0.56-1.68), 0.61 (0.39-0.97) and 0.38 (0.16-0.91), respectively (p for trend = 0.007). In contrast, green tea consumption was not significantly associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer (p for trend = 0.22). The inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of endometrial cancer was consistently observed in subgroup analyses stratified by potential confounders. Coffee consumption may be associated with a decreased risk of endometrial cancer.

Asunto(s)

Café , Neoplasias Endometriales/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Menopausia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estudios Prospectivos

RESUMEN

Several experimental studies have reported that the anticarcinogenic properties of dietary soy play an important role in preventing colorectal cancer. However, few epidemiologic studies have examined this association in general populations and their findings have been inconsistent. We investigated the association between dietary soy and isoflavone intake and incidence of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort study of 83,063 Japanese men and women, ages 45 to 74 years. Dietary soy and isoflavone intake was measured through a validated food frequency questionnaire in 1995 and 1998. Throughout 2004, a total of 886 cases of colorectal cancer were newly identified (291 proximal colon, 286 distal colon, and 277 rectum). The hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by fitting a Cox proportional hazards model. The intake of isoflavones, miso soup, and soy food was not associated with colorectal cancer in either men or women. By colorectal cancer subsite, the risk of proximal colon cancer in men decreased with increasing consumption of isoflavones, miso soup, and soy food. Compared with men in the lowest quartiles of isoflavones, miso soup, and soy food intake, the hazard ratios in the highest quartiles were 0.55 (95% CI, 0.33-0.92), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.43-1.21), and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.30-0.87), respectively. The results showed no association for distal colon and rectal cancer in men or for subsites of colorectal cancer in women. These findings suggest that the intake of isoflavones, miso soup, and soy food has no substantial effect on the risk of colorectal cancer in Japanese men and women.

Asunto(s)

Neoplasias Colorrectales/epidemiología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/prevención & control , Dieta/estadística & datos numéricos , Isoflavonas/administración & dosificación , Alimentos de Soja , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Although lower education has been associated with poorer health, few studies have examined whether lower education affects mortality, incidence, both or neither of cancer and cardiovascular disease. METHODS: The authors conducted a population-based prospective cohort study among 39,228 men and women who were aged 40-59 years and lived in four areas in Japan. Information on education and lifestyle variables were obtained by a self-administered questionnaire in 1990. Follow-up until the end of 2002 (for incidence) or 2003 (for mortality) ascertained 2573 and 1251 incident cases of cancer and cardiovascular disease, respectively, and 2430 deaths (1064 from cancer, 548 from cardiovascular disease and 818 from other causes). RESULTS: After adjustment for demographic and lifestyle variables, <10 years of education, as compared with >12 years of education, was associated with significantly higher mortality from all causes [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.42] and cardiovascular disease (HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.01-2.06), but was not associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular disease (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.78-1.18) or higher mortality or incidence of cancer. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that lower education is associated with higher mortality from all causes and cardiovascular disease among the Japanese population that is not totally attributable to lifestyle differences or higher cardiovascular disease incidence.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Escolaridad , Neoplasias/mortalidad , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Clase Social , Encuestas y Cuestionarios

RESUMEN

The impact of total physical activity level on cancer risk has not been fully clarified, particularly in non-Western, relatively lean populations. The authors prospectively examined the association between daily total physical activity (using a metabolic equivalents/day score) and subsequent cancer risk in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. A total of 79,771 general-population Japanese men and women aged 45-74 years who responded to a questionnaire in 1995-1999 were followed for total cancer incidence (4,334 cases) through 2004. Compared with subjects in the lowest quartile, increased daily physical activity was associated with a significantly decreased risk of cancer in both sexes. In men, hazard ratios for the second, third, and highest quartiles were 1.00 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.90, 1.11), 0.96 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.07), and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.96), respectively (p for trend = 0.005); in women, hazard ratios were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.05), 0.84 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.96), and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.97), respectively (p for trend = 0.007). The decreased risk was more clearly observed in women than in men, especially among the elderly and those who regularly engaged in leisure-time sports or physical exercise. By site, decreased risks were observed for cancers of the colon, liver, and pancreas in men and for cancer of the stomach in women. Increased daily physical activity may be beneficial in preventing cancer in a relatively lean population.

Asunto(s)

Ejercicio Físico , Hombres , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Mujeres , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Causas de Muerte , Metabolismo Energético , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Actividades Recreativas , Estilo de Vida , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Neoplasias/etiología , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Vigilancia de la Población , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por Sexo , Deportes , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Tasa de Supervivencia , Factores de Tiempo

RESUMEN

To our knowledge, no prospective study has examined the association between blood levels of organochlorines and breast cancer risk in Asian countries. Here, we tested the hypothesis that higher blood levels of organochlorines are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in Japanese women. A total of 24,226 women subjects of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study aged 40 to 69 years who responded to the baseline questionnaire and provided blood in 1990-1995 were followed to December 2002. During 10.7 years follow-up, 144 cases of breast cancer were newly diagnosed. Two matched-controls for each case were selected from the cohort. Plasma levels of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) were measured. A conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of breast cancer according to cholesterol-adjusted organochlorine levels based on 139 matched pairs. We found no statistically significant positive association between plasma organochlorine level and breast cancer risk. Adjusted ORs for p,p'-DDT, HCB, and beta-HCH were less than 1. For p,p'-DDE, adjusted OR for the highest versus lowest quartile was 1.48 (95% confidence interval 0.70-3.13; p for trend=0.25). A stratified analysis by menopausal status showed positive associations for p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE in premenopausal but not postmenopausal women, although without statistical significance. Our data do not support the hypothesis that plasma levels of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, HCB, and beta-HCH are associated with an overall increased risk of breast cancer among Japanese women.

Asunto(s)

Neoplasias de la Mama/epidemiología , Hidrocarburos Clorados/sangre , Neoplasias de la Mama/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios

RESUMEN

The incidence of gastric cancer is two-fold to three-fold greater in men than in women. We investigated the reasons for this discrepancy by evaluating the impact of female reproductive factors on gastric cancer risk in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Among the 44,453 women enrolled, 368 cases of gastric cancer were newly diagnosed during follow-up from 1990 to 2004. The influence of female reproductive factors on risk was estimated using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model after adjustment for potential confounders. Participants were stratified by menopause and gastric cancer status and further subdivided by histological type and anatomic subsite. No statistically significant association between female reproductive factors and gastric cancer risk was seen in general. Compared with those in late menarche (> or =15), however, women in early menarche (< or =12) had a close to 50% decreased risk of stomach cancer (hazard ratio 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.43-0.98; P trend <0.01). Similar results were obtained in subgroup analyses categorized by histological subtype and anatomic subsite. Although early estrogen exposure may have some protective effect, female reproductive factors may have no substantial influence on gastric cancer development.

Asunto(s)

Menopausia/fisiología , Menstruación/fisiología , Historia Reproductiva , Neoplasias Gástricas/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Edad de Inicio , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Intervalos de Confianza , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Japón/epidemiología , Estilo de Vida , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Paridad , Vigilancia de la Población , Embarazo , Probabilidad , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Medición de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Neoplasias Gástricas/etiología , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Análisis de Supervivencia