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Cleft repair has been in constant evolution since its inception. Conventional repair of the cleft hard palate involves closure of nasal and oral mucosa without bony reconstitution. In many instances, this approach is adequate, but, particularly in complete clefts, the lack of bony support can lead to collapse of the maxillary arch, dental crowding, and posterior cross-bite. To address these shortcomings, our institution performs a two-staged palatoplasty with concomitant bone grafting of the alveolus and hard palate in the second stage. A retrospective review of children who underwent a two-staged palatoplasty at our institution was performed. These patients' records and images were reviewed for complications and changes in maxillary morphology. Fourteen patients with complete clefts had a two-staged palatoplasty with bone grafting in the second stage. The mean age at surgery was 37.5 months, and the mean follow-up was 16 months. One patient had resorption of the alveolar bone graft requiring additional bone grafting. The remaining patients were without complications and had good consolidation of the bone graft on follow-up imaging. Our early results support that there is a low complication rate (7% regrafting) in those patients who underwent bone grafting at the time of cleft palate repair with early evidence of bony consolidation on imaging and clinical examination. Wide exposure during the repair allows complete grafting of the maxillary bony deficit, which is not possible with traditional alveolar cleft repair and may alleviate the shortcoming of soft-tissue closure only. Future study is necessary to determine long-term outcomes.

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Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is characterized by brittle bones, premature hearing loss, blue sclera, dental abnormalities, and short stature. Maxillofacial pathology is marked in many OI patients and includes a high incidence of class III malocclusion secondary to a retrusive maxilla relative to both the mandible and cranial base.Review of literature shows that most of the orthognathic surgeries performed in the setting of OI are double jaw surgeries, in the form of maxillary advancement and mandibular setback. However, severe maxillary hypoplasia is usually not correctable with single-stage maxillary advancement. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a technique that relies on the normal healing process that occurs between controlled, surgically osteotomized bone segments and it is a relatively widely used technique in modern management of craniofacial conditions.Distraction osteogenesis has been reported in only several patients with OI. There is only 1 previously documented case of maxillary distraction in the craniofacial literature. The authors present here the successful management of a patient with OI and severe class III malocclusion using LeFort I osteotomy and DO with an external rigid distractor.At 12 months follow-up, the patient had no complications and maintained stable maxillary position with normal occlusion, improvement of facial appearance, obstructive airway symptoms, speech, and chewing.This case serves to reinforce the safety and efficacy of DO in patients with OI. The authors did not significantly change our distraction protocol and did not have any complications, therefore the authors believe that DO should be the preferable treatment technique for severe malocclusion in OI patient population.

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Objective: To determine whether use of absorbable antibiotic-imbued beads in chronic soft tissue wounds presents a viable therapeutic modality. Approach: Retrospective analysis of all cases utilizing calcium sulfate antibiotic beads was conducted. Cases comprised complex wound and breast reconstruction performed by the senior author (C.P.D.) over 4 years at the University of New Mexico Hospital. All-cause need for reoperation and reoperation for infection in the 90 days following bead-assisted surgery were compared to traditional surgical intervention in the 90-day period preceding bead-assisted surgery. Paired-samples t-test and corrected Cohen's d were calculated for outcome significance and effect size. Results: A total of 60 patients underwent 84 bead-assisted surgeries. There was a significant decrease in rate of reoperation following bead surgery (M = 0.32) compared with prebead surgery (M = 2.2), p < 0.001. Rate of reoperation for infection significantly decreased from 1.7 before bead surgery to 0.05 following bead surgery, p < 0.001. Results remained significant when stratified by complex wound or breast reconstruction, p < 0.01. Cohen's d ranged from 1.25 to 2.13, with probability of superiority between 80% and 93%. Innovation: Use of antibiotic-laden materials is well established in the orthopedic literature, but poorly characterized in soft tissue applications. Biofilms are increasingly implicated as a unifying pathologic foe underlying chronic wound infection and nonhealing. Antibiotic beads have demonstrated activity against biofilm in vitro. This study demonstrates diminished reoperative burden for these wounds following antibiotic bead surgery, possibly as a result of in vivo biofilm antagonism. Conclusion: Antibiotic bead-assisted surgery was associated with significantly decreased infectious and all-cause reoperations for chronic and infected wounds.

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Surgical site infections account for about 17% of all nosocomial infections, second only to urinary tract infections. Antibiotic beads deliver high local antibiotic concentrations and maintain low systemic levels. The authors assessed the efficacy of calcium sulfate absorbable antibiotic beads (CSAAB) in the prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs) for complex wound closures. Patient records from the University of New Mexico Hospital (UNMH; Albuquerque, NM) and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC; Lebanon, NH) were retrospectively analyzed from 2004 to 2015. Each patient received CSAAB prophylaxis during operations performed by the principle investigator. Charts were grouped by wound location and category. Outcomes were defined solely by readmission within 30 days for repeat intervention. Zero of the 38 UNMH and 15 of the 104 DHMC patients were readmitted. Data reached statistical significance based on 95% confidence intervals using the binomial distribution. This brief retrospective chart review shows promising use for CSAAB in the prevention of soft tissue SSIs.

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