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Background Periodontitis has a vital role in eliciting a cross-reactivity or systemic inflammatory response, making periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) a primary contributor to the inflammatory burden posed by periodontitis. PISA helps in the quantification of the amount of inflamed periodontal tissue. However, the existing literature data concerning PISA as an indicator of inflammatory burden are scarce, with limited research on the relationship between systemic inflammatory markers and PISA. Aim The present clinic-hematological cross-sectional study aimed to correlate PISA with systemic inflammatory markers. The study also aimed to assess serum concentrations of inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and peripheral blood markers such as neutrophils and monocytes and to correlate these markers with PISA. Methods The study assessed 62 subjects, who were divided into two groups of 31 subjects, each following bleeding on probing (BOP) criteria. Group I consisted of subjects with generalized chronic gingivitis, and Group II included subjects with generalized chronic periodontitis. In two groups, BOP, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and gingival recession were assessed along with PISA by a custom-made R function derived from a pre-existing, freely available MS Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington). The results of the assessment were then compared. Results A statistically highly significant positive correlation was seen in PISA and CRP with a correlation coefficient of 0.4875 and p-value of 0.000059. A similar statistically significant positive correlation was seen in ESR and PISA with a correlation coefficient of 0.4089 and p-value of 0.000968. A statistically non-significant correlation was seen in neutrophils and PISA with p=0.576018. However, a moderate and positive statistically significant association was seen in monocyte and PISA with a correlation coefficient of 0.3258 and p-value of 0.009956. Conclusions The present study concludes that most of the common systemic inflammatory markers have a positive correlation with PISA. However, more studies are required to establish this correlation.

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Monkeypox is a viral disease; its outbreak was recently declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization. For the first time, a monkeypox virus (MPXV)-infected patient was found in India. Various researchers back-to-back tried to find the solution to this health emergency just after COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the current outbreak status of India, its transmission, virulence factors, symptoms, treatment, and the preventive guidelines generated by the Indian Health Ministry. We found that monkeypox virus (MPXV) disease is different from smallpox, and the age group between 30-40 years old is more prone to MPXV disease. We also found that, besides homosexuals, gays, bisexuals, and non-vegetarians, it also affects normal straight men and women who have no history of travel. Close contact should be avoided from rats, monkeys and sick people who are affected by monkeypox. To date, there are no monkeypox drugs, but Tecovirimat is more effective than other drugs that are used for other viral diseases like smallpox. Therefore, we need to develop an effective antiviral agent against the virulence factor of MXPV.

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BACKGROUND: Being an autologous graft, a subepithelial connective tissue (SECT) graft shows more predictable root coverage better than other techniques. Hence, it is most likely to be widely used for recession treatment. During root planing, a smear layer forms on the root surface that cannot be removed by water or saline rinsing. To remove this smear layer, root biomodification agents are widely used. The present study was conducted to assess the efficacy of an SECT graft for root coverage with and without root biomodification. METHODS: This study included 20 patients with no gender predilection, with an age range of 24-36 years and a mean age of 27.6 ± 4.24 years. The chosen range facilitated the acquisition of data in a relatively homogeneous population, minimizing the confounding effects of factors such as aging-related tissue changes or early-onset periodontal issues. All 40 sites were treated with the SECT and coronally advanced flap. Root conditioning in controls was done with distilled saline and tested using 24% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) gel (Maquira; STM Meditech, Kerala). At baseline and at one, three, and six months postoperatively, pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment levels (CALs) were assessed at four sites using a UNC-15 probe, and from the gingival margin to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), the vertical recession was assessed. RESULTS: For the buccal surface, CALs were reduced significantly (p < 0.001). Following root conditioning with 24% EDTA, no difference was seen in the CAL in the control and test group either buccally or interproximally with a p-value of greater than 0.05. For PD, following a SECT graft or root conditioning, no significant change was observed in the buccal or interproximal region (p > 0.05). The vertical recession was significantly reduced with a p-value of less than 0.001 and depth coverage of 97.5%. The difference between the two groups was statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). The root surface coverage decreased significantly from 16.6 ± 2.8 to 0.45 ± 0.4 from baseline to six months, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). This intergroup difference was non-statistical (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study concludes that the use of an SECT graft in root coverage can significantly improve the CAL, root surface area, and vertical recession both with and without root biomodification. We conclude that there is a significant decrease in the probing depth following SECT grafting and with root biomodification.

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BACKGROUND: To combat dandruff associated pathogens, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) can be used as an alternative eco-friendly technique to obtain antimicrobial plant extracts over conventional methods. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to compare the yield and antimicrobial potential of extracts obtained by different extraction methods. METHODS: Extraction was carried out by cold percolation method using ethyl acetate (EA) and SFE using CO2. Antimicrobial activity was studied against dandruff causing microbes; Malassezia furfur, Propionibacterium acne, and Staphylococcus epidermidis by agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution method. Statistical evaluation was done by principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: The yield was found higher in the ethyl acetate extracts. PCA indicated that among the sixteen extracts, SFE extract of Azadirachta indica leaves was the most influential with the highest F1 score and maximum antimicrobial activity. Cinnamomum zeylanicum SFE extract demonstrated the lowest MIC against P. acne and M. furfur. GC-MS analysis of A. indica extract inferred that ganoderic acid, 13,14-epoxyoleanan-3-ol acetate, henicosanal, 2-heptadecycloxirane were the major phytoconstituents whereas cinnamaldehyde, α- muurolene and caffeic acid were primarily found in cinnamon. CONCLUSION: Bioactive compounds identified in the extracts of A. indica and C. zeylanicum can be used in natural antidandruff products.

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BACKGROUND: Staphylococus epidermidis coagulase negative and gram positive streptococci have emerged as major nosocomial pathogens associated with the infection of implanted medical devices and dandruff on human scalp. S. epidermidis filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) gene encoded FtsZ protein that assembles at future bacterial cell division site that forms Z-ring structure. FtsZ is a tubulin homolog protein with low sequence similarity; this makes it possible to inhibit bacterial FtsZ protein without affecting the eukaryote cell division. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, phytochemicals of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Punica granatum and Glycyrrhiza glabra were virtually screened for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis cell division protein, FtsZ. METHODS: Molecular docking method was used to investigate new lead inhibitor against bacterial cell division protein FtsZ. SwissADME and ProTox tool were used to evaluate the toxicity of the lead molecule. RESULTS: Molecular docking based screening confirmed that among 122 phytochemicals, ß- sitosterol and glabrol showed the highest inhibitory activity against FtsZ. SwissADME tool showed ß-sitosterol and glabrol as the ideal antibacterial agents. CONCLUSION: Structure based drug design strategy has been broadly used to optimize antimicrobial activity of small molecule/ligand against large protein receptor of disease, causing pathogens which gives a major breakthrough in pharmaceuticals industries. The molecular docking and SwissADME tool showed that ß-sitosterol and glabrol may be developed to be potential topical and sublingual antibacterial agents, respectively.

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