RESUMEN
Recently, we reported that the oral administration of an extract of compost fermented with marine animal resources and thermophilic Bacillus species should confer health benefits in fish, pigs and rodents. Herein, the relations between fecundity and gut metabolites in laying hens and pigs on farms after oral exposure to compost were investigated. On the hen farms, the egg production of hens continuously administered the extract was maintained at significantly higher levels compared with the hens not administered the extract. On the swine farms, after the compost treatment, the shipping dates of fattening pigs were shortened, with an improvement in the death rate of the pigs. When the levels of fecal organic acids, such as short-chain fatty acids, lactate, and ammonium, as indicators of gut metabolism and energy sources for peripheral tissues, were examined, the levels of the acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the feces of the hens and pigs in the compost-treated group were not always different from those in the untreated control group. However, the levels of lactate were consistently low in the feces of both animals after the compost treatment. The fecal ammonium concentrations in old hens (age 597-672 days) and 2-month-old piglets from the compost-fed mother sows were low when compared with the untreated groups. The concentrations of free organic acids and their related compounds in the animal products (eggs and pig loins) were nearly equal to those in the untreated control products. Thus, the oral administration of the thermophile-fermented compost should improve the fecundity of hens and pigs by modifying their gut metabolism.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Pollos/metabolismo , Fermentación , Fertilidad/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Suelo/química , Porcinos/metabolismo , Compuestos de Amonio/análisis , Compuestos de Amonio/metabolismo , Animales , Reactores Biológicos , Dieta/veterinaria , Digestión/efectos de los fármacos , Huevos/análisis , Heces/química , Femenino , Fertilidad/fisiología , Ácido Láctico/análisis , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Carne/análisis , Oviposición/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , TemperaturaRESUMEN
NO (3) (-) is a major nitrogen source for plant nutrition, and plant cells store NO (3) (-) in their vacuoles. Here, we report that a unique compost made from marine animal resources by thermophiles represses NO (3) (-) accumulation in plants. A decrease in the leaf NO (3) (-) content occurred in parallel with a decrease in the soil NO (3) (-) level, and the degree of the soil NO (3) (-) decrease was proportional to the compost concentration in the soil. The compost-induced reduction of the soil NO (3) (-) level was blocked by incubation with chloramphenicol, indicating that the soil NO (3) (-) was reduced by chloramphenicol-sensitive microbes. The compost-induced denitrification activity was assessed by the acetylene block method. To eliminate denitrification by the soil bacterial habitants, soil was sterilized with γ irradiation and then compost was amended. After the 24-h incubation, the N(2)O level in the compost soil with presence of acetylene was approximately fourfold higher than that in the compost soil with absence of acetylene. These results indicate that the low NO (3) (-) levels that are often found in the leaves of organic vegetables can be explained by compost-mediated denitrification in the soil.
Asunto(s)
Desnitrificación , Nitratos/metabolismo , Plantas/metabolismo , Microbiología del Suelo , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Hojas de la Planta/química , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Suelo/químicaRESUMEN
The timings of the administration of microbial supplements to control the populations of gut microbiota of piglets have been poorly understood. Here the effects of temporal administering multispecies microbial supplements to sows on the composition of gut microbiota and on the bacteria-mediated fecal metabolites in their offsprings were investigated. During gestation and lactation, pregnant sows were fed either a normal diet (group A) or a diet with multispecies supplements comprised of nine microbial species such as Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium, Candida pintolopesii, and Aspergillus oryzae etc. (group B). All of the sows' piglets were temporarily fed with the same supplements around weaning in accordance with the guideline of the farm. This regimen was followed by a normal diet in both groups over one month thereafter. Under such conditions, the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in fecal samples remarkably increased in group B compared to group A. When 16S rDNA sequences of the fecal bacteria were analyzed, the microbial structure of bacteria was different between both goups. Especially the Clostridium cluster IV and subcluster XIVa were particularly increased in group B, although the administered microbes were undetectable. Thus, temporal administration of multispecies-microbial supplements to pregnant sows changes the composition of SCFAs and gut microbiota in their offsprings.
Asunto(s)
Heces/microbiología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Metagenoma , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Porcinos/microbiología , Administración Oral , Animales , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bifidobacterium/genética , Bifidobacterium/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Carboxílicos/análisis , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Enterococcus faecium/genética , Enterococcus faecium/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/análisis , Heces/química , Femenino , Lactancia , Lactobacillus/genética , Lactobacillus/aislamiento & purificación , Embarazo , DesteteRESUMEN
A composting product of marine animal resources has been used as a fertilizer and a soil conditioner in Japan. This compost was produced by a repeated fed-batch fermentation system with three successive aerobic bioreactors. Composting temperature reached about 75 degrees C without heating. The bacterial diversity in this compost was investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequence determination of the V3 region in the 16S rRNA genes. The sequence analysis showed that a majority of retrieved sequences corresponded to those of Bacillaceae, and we frequently found sequences similar to the 16S rDNA sequences of Bacillus thermocloacae and Bacillus thermoamylovorans. In addition, a bacterium antagonistic to a Fusarium strain was isolated from the compost. The isolate (Bacillus sp. NP-1) produced an antifungal compound, iturin A. These results suggest that this compost serves as a valuable source of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria including the antifungal bacteria.