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The dietary habits of 1265 men and 1309 women aged 35-64 years were assessed by food frequencies and 24-h recall. The consumption of fat was high relative to Recommended Dietary Allowances (mean 137% of RDA in the diet of men and 108% in women). The diet was deficient in carbohydrates (80 and 67% respectively), calcium (81 and 64%), vitamin A (84% for both sexes), vitamin B1 (91 and 74%), and vitamin C (41 and 30%). Energy, protein, dietary fibre, iron and vitamin B2 were at the RDA or exceeded it in the men's diet but were insufficient in the women's diet. Fat accounted for 38.5% (men) and 37.7% (women) of energy, with 15.8% of the energy derived from saturated fatty acids and 4.2% from polyunsaturates. The amount of cholesterol consumed was 641 and 452 mg, respectively. This type of diet may contribute to increased incidence of ischaemic heart disease. Only three meals a day were taken by over 83% of the respondents, with over 5-h intervals between meals which may, in addition, contribute to obesity.

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Data from four central European dietary investigations carried out between 1982 and 1984 in the German Democratic Republic, Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany applying both a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a quantitative recording instrument (24-h recall, 3-d record or 10- to 14-d record) were analysed to compare frequency of food consumption as reported by the FFQ with the corresponding information as derived from the quantitative instrument. The actual intake was found to be overestimated by the FFQ for categories of frequent consumption and underestimated for categories of rare consumption. Categories for which both instruments yielded similar estimates of frequency were found to vary between food items and to depend on the overall frequency of consumption of an item. This indicates that when using unvalidated FFQs and taking their FFQ-categories literally artificial differences of food consumption within the population(s) under study can be introduced. This implies also the tendency that the average food intake estimated through FFQs can yield unrealistically high values for items consumed frequently.

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Dietary investigations in four central European survey populations carried out in the German Democratic Republic, Poland and Denmark between 1982 and 1984 using different methodologies were analysed in order to assess the possibilities of characterizing the dietary habits of individual survey participants in a comparable fashion. This was done with the view of assessing the feasibility of a pooled cancer cohort study. For this purpose a method has been devised to combine dietary information derived by food frequency questionnaires and quantitative recording methods into a quantitative characterization of individuals' habits. A comparable characterization between different cultural settings could be demonstrated for a selected list of food items. The selection was determined by the food items considered in common in the different food frequency questionnaires and yielding sufficient and comparable variation as well as absolute amounts of intake. This was more clearly found for food items such as 'fruit' which experience a concise role in dietary habits. However, the observed discrepancies of the different dietary methods within the countries, and, most importantly, between the countries, result in distributions of average daily consumption values which are not deemed to be comparable.

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In the Warsaw Pol-MONICA area, which is inhabited by 274,000 people of ages 25-64, trends in total mortality showed increases similar to those for the whole of Poland. In Warsaw, mortality from cardiovascular disease in men and from ischaemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial infarction (MI), and cerebrovascular disease in both sexes decreased from 1976 to 1986, whereas trends for these diseases were increasing for the whole of Poland. Within the last 11 years, the MI attack rate and case-fatality rate increased in Warsaw. In the Warsaw male population, an increase in the majority of CHD risk factors was also observed. Age-adjusted mortality rates, MI attack and incidence rates, and stroke attack rates in Warsaw were all higher in men than in women. The mean values of HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, Quetelet's index, and prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia in Warsaw were higher in women than in men, whereas the mean values of triglycerides, diastolic blood pressure, and number of cigarettes smoked as well as prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia, hypertension, and smoking were higher in men.

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The present study, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) MONICA Project design, covers two Warsaw districts inhabited by 274442 people, aged 25-64. In the studied population over the years 1976-1985, no significant time-trends were found of cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial infarction (MI) and cerebrovascular mortality, whereas the hypertension mortality trends increased significantly. The MI attack rate in 1984/85 in men aged 25-64 was 466/100,000 and that of women 173/100,000. Within the last 14-15 years the age-standardized MI attack rates increased by 35% in men aged 35-64 and by 65% in women. The 28-day case fatality was 40% in men and 35% in women. Fatality was highest the first day after the onset of symptoms, and only 66% of men and 72% of women survived the first 3 days after onset. No significant differences in age-standardized mean values of plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and systolic blood pressure (BP) were found between men and women. Mean values of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) and of the Quatelet index were higher in the female population, whereas the triglyceride level, diastolic BP, and the number of cigarettes smoked daily were higher in the male population. In men, the plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol values did not change with age, but the tryglyceride values decreased; in women, the plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride values increased with age. Mean values of systolic and diastolic BP increased with age in both sexes, whereas the number of cigarettes smoked daily decreased.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between IHD and nutrition. 404 occupationally active men in Warsaw aged 45-54 years, and 634 men in Bratislava were screened. The dietary habits of both populations were evaluated on the basis of their dietary history. Although no significant correlation between the daily frequency of basic meals consumption and the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia, overweight and hypertension was found, a tendency to higher prevalence of these risk factors among people consuming only 2 meals daily was observed in both populations. In the Bratislava population, which was characterized by a lower frequency of basic meals consumption, higher consumption of meat, meat products and fat, a higher prevalence of overweight, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension was found. The authors conclude that the influence of unproper dietary habits characteristic of industrialized countries, on the health of their populations cannot be completely neglected.

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At the Polish Trial on Ischaemic Heart Disease Prevention begun in 1976-77 the dietary habits of 5,484 male workers aged 40-59 years working in 14 Warsaw plants were assessed by 24-hour recall. After two and four years of follow-up in 1978-79 and 1980-81 this study was repeated in random samples of the previously screened population still in employment in these plants i.e., 652 men (response rate after two years=70.4%) and 574 men (response rate after four years=65.0%). In the initial screening the mean energy value of the reported daily food ration was 2,700 kcal/11,296 kJ. This energy derived 13.6% from protein, 37.1% from fat, and 49.3% from carbohydrate. After two years the mean energy value of the daily food ration as well as the amounts of the daily consumed fat and carbohydrate and vitamin B1 had decreased significantly. The amounts of the remaining nutrients were not significantly changed. After four years only the mean daily consumption of vitamin C was decreased significantly. The mean values of the total energy value of the food ration as well as of the amounts of nutrients were not significantly different. On the other hand, differences were found in the amount of food products--the reported consumption of cereals and bread as well as animal fat increased significantly, while the consumption of meat and meat products, vegetable fats, fruits and sugar decreased.

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