RESUMEN
In this ecological and physiological study of the common eider (Somateria mollissima) nesting on the coast of Eastern Murman, the species composition of the bird helminth fauna, as well as the infection quantitative parameters, were determined. The common eider small intestine proved to be infected with trematodes of the genus Microphallus; three species of cestodes, namely, Lateriporus teres (Cestoda: Dilepididae), Fimbriarioides intermedia (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae), and Microsomacanthus diorchis (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae); and one species of acanthocephalan, Polymorphus phippsi (Palaeacanthocephala: Polymorphidae). At the sites of F. intermedia and M. diorchis locations within the intestine, the protease activity was reduced while in the foci infected with acanthocephalan P. phippsi, it was, on the contrary, increased. Glycosidase activity in the intestinal mucosa was reduced as compared to the control in birds infected by the cestodes M. diorchis. Hematological indices of the infected individuals were higher than the control parameters.
Asunto(s)
Anseriformes/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Helmintiasis/parasitología , Intestino Delgado/parasitología , Acantocéfalos/patogenicidad , Animales , Proteínas Aviares/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves/metabolismo , Cestodos/patogenicidad , Glicósido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Helmintiasis/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Trematodos/patogenicidadRESUMEN
Hematological and plasma biochemical analyses and parasitological detection were carried out in the herring gull Larus argentatus. Hematological and plasma biochemical parameters in uninfected gulls and gulls infected by Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) were compared. Hemoglobin content and numbers of erythrocytes were reduced; numbers of leukocytes and sorption capacity of erythrocytes were improved in blood of the infected herring gulls. Hematological index (eosinophil/lymphocyte ratio) in infected gulls increased 1.8 times in comparison with eosinophil/lymphocyte ratio in uninfected gulls. Metabolic imbalances in herring gulls infected by D. dendriticum were determined. Levels of the total protein, phospholipids, triglyceride, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and sodium, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased in plasma blood of infected gulls; at the same time, the content of the uric acid, glucose, modified albumin and circulatory immune complex and activities of transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase had increased. It is assumed that the obtained results testify to the appearance of abnormalities in the digestion processes and the activity of immune and circulatory systems caused by the invasion of gulls with D. dendriticum. 375
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/sangre , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Aves/sangre , Aves/parasitología , Difilobotriosis/sangre , Diphyllobothrium , AnimalesRESUMEN
We studied the activities both of digestive enzymes in the small intestine of the herring gull (Larus argentatus) and a tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) residing in the intestine. It was found that D. dendriticum infects the medial section of the small intestine of the herring gull. Such localization of D. dendriticum is caused by the maximal activity of proteases and glycosidases and by the high rate of membrane and cavitary digestion in this section. The activity of protease and glycosidase in gulls infected with D. dendriticum is decreased. The activity of proteases in the fractions desorbed from the tegument surface of D. dendriticum is significantly higher than that of glycosidases.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves , Charadriiformes , Difilobotriosis/metabolismo , Diphyllobothrium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Intestino Delgado , Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Charadriiformes/metabolismo , Charadriiformes/parasitología , Glicósido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/parasitología , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in noninfested thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) and those infested with the tapeworm Alcataenia armillaris (Cestoda: Dilepididae) are reported. The findings demonstrate that the intestinal invasion by A. armillaris causes a drop in the activity of digestive enzymes (glycosidases and sacharase) and decreases blood glucose levels and glycogen content in the liver. The main reasons underlying changes in avian carbohydrate metabolism in cestode invasion are suggested.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Charadriiformes/metabolismo , Animales , Glucemia , Cestodos/patogenicidad , Charadriiformes/parasitología , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Glicósido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Intestinos/enzimología , Intestinos/parasitología , beta-Fructofuranosidasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Activities of digestive enzymes (proteases, carbohydrases, acid and alkaline phosphatases) are determined in intestinal mucosa of the thick-billed and common murres Comparative analysis of the obtained results is performed for non-infected and for birds infested by cestodes. It has been established that at invasion by cestode Alcataenia armillaris (Cestoda: Tetrabothriidae), activities of carbohydrase and alkaline phosphatase in intestinal mucosa of the thick-billed murre decreases. Parasitizing of cestodes Tetrabothrius jaegerskieldi (Cestoda: Tetrabothriidae) in intestine of the common murre induces a decrease of saccharase activity. There is studied kinetics of desorption of enzymes from digestive-transport surfaces of the bird intestine. Peculiarities of firmness of enzyme fixation are established on the surface of intestinal mucosa of invaded murres. According to the obtained data, a decrease of the carbohydrase activities in intestine of infested murres is likely to be due to absorption of a part of enzymes hydrolyzing carbohydrates on the surface of cestodes.
Asunto(s)
Fosfatasa Ácida/metabolismo , Fosfatasa Alcalina/metabolismo , Aves/parasitología , Glicósido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Animales , Cestodos/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Cestodos/enzimología , Mucosa Intestinal/enzimología , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologíaAsunto(s)
Charadriiformes/parasitología , Helmintos/patogenicidad , Animales , Ecología , Ecosistema , Humanos , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
Investigation of the activity of proteolytic enzymes functioning on the digestive-transport surfaces of the intestine of infected and noninfected kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla and cestodes Alcataenia larina (Cestoda, Dilepididae) parasitizing it was conducted. The protease activities depending on the pH values in the intestine of gulls and tapeworms were determined. The dynamics of desorption of enzymes of protein hydrolysis from the surface of the cestodes A. larina and the kittiwake intestine was studied. It was shown that the tapeworm invasion activates the processes of membrane and cavitary digestion of birds. It was determined that the degree of influence of the dilepidid infection on protease activity was defined mainly by the intensity of the invasion.
Asunto(s)
Cestodos/enzimología , Intestinos/enzimología , Proteínas/metabolismo , Animales , Transporte Biológico , Catepsinas/metabolismo , Infecciones por Cestodos/enzimología , Infecciones por Cestodos/parasitología , Charadriiformes/parasitología , Digestión , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Hidrólisis , Intestinos/parasitología , Propiedades de SuperficieAsunto(s)
Anfípodos/parasitología , Helmintos/aislamiento & purificación , Agua de Mar/parasitología , Animales , Biota , Cestodos/aislamiento & purificación , Helmintos/clasificación , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Nematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Federación de Rusia , Trematodos/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Trematode fauna of the herring gulls from Kola Bay (Barents Sea) was investigated in March, May, June, and September 2005. The data on the trematode species composition and indices of the invasion of gulls with trematodes are given for each season. It was established, that trematode species composition is increased from spring to summer, and intensity of the gulls' invasion with some trematode species is increased from summer to autumn. Ecological factors causing seasonal differences of the trematode fauna in gulls are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Charadriiformes/parasitología , Trematodos/fisiología , Infecciones por Trematodos/veterinaria , Animales , Ecosistema , Océanos y Mares , Federación de Rusia , Estaciones del Año , Trematodos/clasificación , Trematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Trematodos/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The effect of the invasion with the cestode Microsomacanthus ductilus on physiological and biochemical processes in black-backed gull Larus marinus was examined. Experimental invasion of the gull nestling by the cestodes has been performed. Dynamics of the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism in the time history of the invasion was observed, in comparison with noninfested nestling. Increasing of the content of alpha-globulins and decreasing of the content of protein and albumin in the blood plasma of experimentally infested birds were registered to 4th day after invasion. To 7th day after invasion the level of general lipids and phospholipids decreases, while the content of gamma-globulins and modified form of albumin increases. To 10th day after invasion symptoms of intoxication were observed, but some parameters proved to be reverted to normal condition. So, it can be assumed, that the most intensive reorganization of the metabolism in infested birds takes place in the period between 4th and 7th days after infestation. Possible causes of the observed phenomena are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves , Cestodos , Infecciones por Cestodos/veterinaria , Charadriiformes/parasitología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos/sangre , Animales Recién Nacidos/metabolismo , Animales Recién Nacidos/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves/sangre , Enfermedades de las Aves/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análisis , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Adhesión Celular , Cestodos/fisiología , Infecciones por Cestodos/sangre , Infecciones por Cestodos/metabolismo , Infecciones por Cestodos/parasitología , Charadriiformes/sangre , Charadriiformes/metabolismo , Recuento de Eritrocitos , Eritrocitos/fisiología , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Recuento de Leucocitos , Leucocitos/inmunología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Lípidos/sangre , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The values and dynamics of some indices of protein metabolism were studied in herring gulls Larus argentatus infected with trematode Himasthla larina in natural populations and in experiment. These indices were compared in infected and uninfected birds. Trematode infection considerably affected host protein metabolism irrespective of the age; however, the changes were more pronounced in nestlings. Increased concentration of gamma-globulins, modified albumin, and circulating immune complexes was observed in plasma of infected herring gulls. The experiments demonstrated the most significant changes in protein metabolism of herring gulls 8-11 days after infection with trematode H. larina.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/sangre , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análisis , Charadriiformes/sangre , Echinostomatidae , Infecciones por Trematodos/sangre , Infecciones por Trematodos/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Charadriiformes/parasitologíaAsunto(s)
Charadriiformes/metabolismo , Charadriiformes/parasitología , Helmintos/patogenicidad , Animales , Regiones Árticas , Enfermedades de las Aves/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Glucemia/metabolismo , Helmintiasis Animal/metabolismo , Helmintiasis Animal/parasitología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
The article is based on the results of helminthological observations made on kittiwake Rissa tridactyla and glaucous gull Larus hyperboreus in 1991-2001 in different areas of the Barents Sea (Eastern Murman coast, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Spitzbergen). 18 helminth species (2 trematodes, 11 cestodes, 4 nematodes, and 2 acanthocephalans) were recorded in the kittiwakes and 19 (3 trematodes, 9 cestodes, 5 nematodes and 2 acanthocephalans) species were recorded in the glaucous gulls. Trematodes were absent in the birds collected at the Franz Josef Land and the northern island of Novaya Zemlya. 3 trematode species, namely Gymnophallus sp. (somateria?), Microphallus sp. 1 (M. pseudopygmaeus), and Cryptocotyle lingua were found in the glaucous gulls of western Spitzbergen. It was supposed that the life cycles of these parasites can be completed there. On the other hand, coastal ecosystems of Arctic archipelagoes turn out to be favourable for the transmission of some cestodes. This is closely connected with the regional traits in the marine bird diet, namely the increase of the amphipod (intermediate hosts of hymenolepidids and some dilepidids) and polar cod (supposed second intermediate host for some tetrabothriids) portion in Arctic. As a result, cestodes are the base of the helminth fauna of kittiwakes and glaucous gulls of the Barents Sea, by their species richness, prevalence and abundance. Nematodes and acanthocephalans were represented by a few species with low infection intensity. The main ecological factors affected the regional difference in the species richness and abundance of the helminths parasitising kittiwakes and glaucous gulls in the Barents Sea are proposed. Those are regional climatic features and regional traits in the behaviour and food priorities of birds, and also the distribution of the helminths intermediate hosts, invertebrates and fishes. The phenomenon of host specificity lowering with respect to the definitive host was recorded in some cestode species (Microsomacanthus diorchis, M. microsoma, and Arctotaenia tetrabothrioides) on the border of their distribution ranges, the coastal ecosystems of Arctic.
Asunto(s)
Acantocéfalos/aislamiento & purificación , Charadriiformes/parasitología , Nematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Platelmintos/aislamiento & purificación , Acantocéfalos/clasificación , Animales , Ecosistema , Nematodos/clasificación , Océanos y Mares , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Platelmintos/clasificación , Federación de Rusia , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
In the Archangelskaya Bay (North Island of Novaya Zemlya), 25 specimens of sea birds have been collected: 5 kittiwakes, 5 murres, 5 little auks, 4 common eiders, 4 purple sandpipers, and 2 glaucous gulls. Following numbers of helminth parasite species have been recovered in this material: trematodes--1, cestodes--5, proboscic worms--2, and nematodes--2 species. The description of morphological characters of Anomotaenia micracantha micracantha (Cestoda: Dilepididae) from the kittiwake is given. The dependence of helminth fauna composition on the character of bird's feeding is traced. Differences in the infection with parasites of gulls and auks habitating the Archangelskaya Bay are revealed. Data on a life cycle of parasites found and ways of their circulation in the ecosystems of the Barents Sea are given. As for Triaenophorus erostris, which was indicated for gulls of the Barents Sea by Belopolskaya (1952), Galkin e. a. (1994) and Galaktionov e. a. (1997) as a common parasite, it was absent both in the material collected by Markov (1941) and in our material.
Asunto(s)
Acantocéfalos/clasificación , Aves/parasitología , Nematodos/clasificación , Platelmintos/clasificación , Acantocéfalos/fisiología , Animales , Regiones Árticas , Nematodos/fisiología , Océanos y Mares , Platelmintos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The effect of protoplasting on antibiotic activity of the grisin-producing organism was shown. High frequency of Grn- mutants after strain VG307f protoplasting and no capacity in these mutants for reversion to the initial Grn+ phenotype were shown. The reversion frequency was less than 10(-8). Moreover, it was shown that all the Grn- mutants lost their stability (GrnR) to the effect of their own antibiotic. With respect to strain VG212 there was noted a significant increase in the number of both the minus and the plus variants after the protoplast formation and regeneration. Fusing of protoplasts of strains VG307f and VG212 belonging to the divergent lines in selection of S. griseus Kr. yielded the phage stable strain VG7849 with high levels of the antibiotic production and improved technological properties.