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Electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDDs) are getting more and more popular among adolescents and young people under 25, signifying the beginning of tobacco product use for many of them. The state of the local microbiota can be affected by a large number of factors, namely the inhaled aerosol temperature, the oral cavity ph, the diet nature, genetics, etc. AIM: The aim of the study was to identify the changes of dental microbiocenosis among adolescents who use devices for heating tobacco products and vape. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was perfomed in 65 adolescents, aged 14 to 18, who were divided into three groups: the first (control) group consisted of 20 non-smokers, the second group comprised 25 patients who used a tobacco heating system, and the third group - 20 subjects who used electronic vape cigarettes. For microbiological examination, the swabs from the teeth cervical region plaque were taken. RESULTS: The control group was dominated by S. mitis (10 strains - 35.7%), followed by E. faecium (5 strains - 17.9%) and E. coli (4 strains - 14.3%). For heating tobacco, the most common were S. mitis (11 strains - 23.9%), S. aureus (6 strains - 13.0%) and E. faecium and C. xerosis (5 strains - 10.9%). Among the vape systems users, the most common species was S. pneumoniae (17.9%), followed by S. mitis, E. faecium and C. xerosis (12.8% each). CONCLUSIONS: The use of electronic smoking systems reduces the number of resident plaque microflora by increasing the excretion frequency and the emergence of opportunistic transient streptococci, namely S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes with an epidemiologically significant level of colonization.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak started in late 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China, and quickly spread to the surrounding regions and neighboring countries. A novel coronavirus, the so-called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was found to be responsible for this outbreak potentially originating from pangolins. In China, the outbreak lasted for 1 month until it seemed to be controlled after affecting over 81,000 individuals and causing deaths in over 4200 patients. Subsequently, and after affecting over 118,000 individuals and causing over 4200 deaths, the condition was officially announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the meantime, the epidemic curve took a downtrend in China, the original epicenter of the pandemic, but started to rise in other countries with a steep slope. Among over 215 affected countries, the USA, European countries (Italy, Germany, Spain, France, the UK), Iran, and South Korea had the highest frequencies in the matters of infected patients and deaths. Importantly, different countries took different policies when encountered with an outbreak, especially in the matter of accuracy of the report and timing of the action. A part of the delays in reporting was expected, including the lag in the chain of reporting, the shortcomings of tests, missed patients, and inadequate testing facilities. However, there were also political and nontechnical reasons that caused the reporting to be inaccurate. Surveillance seems to be less of a reason for the observed in poor management, and it mostly originated from human decision-making failures and political issues. Besides, the culture of populations and their trust in their governments played an important role on how they reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic and acquired policies. Finally, the characteristics of the world today indicate the danger of probable upcoming outbreaks, and policymakers should utilize the existing opportunities, particularly the advancements in technology and media, to prevent or adequately manage them.

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It is known that every day 2,500 children under the age of 18 try their first cigarette, and more than 400 of them become new, regular smokers, and half of them will die from this addiction in the future. AIM: The aim of the study is to determine changes in the indices of dental status in adolescents with tobacco smoking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 54 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. They were divided into the main group of 25 adolescents with a smoking experience of 1 to 3 years, and a control group of 29 adolescents who were physically healthy at the time of the study and had never smoked. During their visit to dentist for a preventive examination such indexes were investigated as simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) (Greene-Vermillion), papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA), Fedorov-Volodkina index, caries severity index, index of the need for treatment of periodontal disease and biophysical methods of oral fluid research: rate of salivation, elasticity, pH of oral fluid. RESULTS: The changes in dental status identified in the study in adolescents with addiction to smoking indicated certain aspects of the risk of developing dental diseases in this group of patients with prevalence of periodontal inflammation. The most vulnerable, with a short history of smoking, were periodontal tissues. It could indicate the direct effect of tobacco smoke on the microcirculation of the gums. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is a risk factor for periodontal health in adolescents. The periodontal inflammation of various severities was established in children and adolescents aged 12-18 years old. Evaluation of oral health indices has been estimated from 0.79 ± 0.19 to 1.9 ± 0.05 (p<0.05) for Greene-Vermilion, from 1.5 ± 0.41 to 2.5 ± 0.59 (p<0.05) for Fedorov-Volodkina, from 12.0± 2.06% to 36.0 ± 2.04% to for PMA (p<0.05) as result of adolescent smoking. Simultaneously we didn't estimate significant difference for caries severity in investigated groups.

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AIM: The aim of the study was to identify the consequences of the use of fixed otrhodontic appliances (FOAs) on the morphological state of the tissues of the lower wall of the maxillary sinus, depending on the duration of their use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 115 male and female patients aged 18 to 25 years. All patients were divided into 2 research groups depending on the period of wearing brace systems. The control group consisted of patients who did not require orthodontic treatment orthodontic appliances. The density and thickness of the lower wall of the maxillary sinus were calculated in all groups. RESULTS: In the control group, the average minimum thickness of the lower wall of the maxillary sinus was 4.6±1.5 mm, the minimum density was 13.46±132.6 Hu, in prolonged wearing of FOAs (from 2 to 3 years) these indicators were: 4.96±1.22 mm and -160±187.4 Hu, respectively. In less severe malocclusion in people with a period of FOAs wearing from 1 to 1.5 years, these indicators were 5.03±1.06 mm and - 80.98±167.7 Hu. When measuring the density after one year, it increased and amounted to 25.6±184.4 Hu in wearing FOAs up to 1.5 years and 105.47±173.84 Hu in prolonged wearing of brace systems. CONCLUSIONS: It can be assumed that wearing of braces affects the morphological state of not only the enamel of the teeth, but also of the surrounding tissues, and this effect is more intense in prolonged wearing of FOAs.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Prevalence of atopic diseases is progressively increasing in children with unclear clinical picture in oral cavity. This study aimed to find correlation between the total antioxidant and periodontal status in the saliva of periodontally compromised with atopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The groups consisted of patients of atopic diseases and gingivitis (ADG), of atopic diseases without gingivitis (AD), and healthy controls (HC). The level of gingival inflammation was evaluated using the sulcus bleeding index (SBI) reported by Mühlemann and Son. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated in saliva. RESULTS: The mean salivary MDA levels of group HC was significantly lower compared with group ADG and AD (P < 0.05). Similarly, in the case of salivary GSH, marker levels revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) when mean values in the control group (5.12 ± 0.66 µmol/L) were compared with the ADG (2.31 ± 0.44 µmol/L) and AD groups (2.69 ± 0.56 µmol/L). The SOD activity was significantly lower in the ADG and AD groups compared with HC. DISCUSSION: As there was no significant difference in the level of SOD concentration between groups, we suggest that antioxidant imbalance is primarily explained by atopic disease. CONCLUSION: The results showed changes in antioxidant balance in children with atopy.