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The presence of particular cells, discussed in literature as disintegrated parenchymal hepatic cells makes impression during a cytological study. We examined 21 patients with chronic active hepatitis. They had the above described cells found in the bile sediment by means of light microscope. The sediments were studied with electronic microscope as well. Ultrastructural proofs of the fact that these cells originate from hepatic parenchyma were found in 3 of the cases. The most important evidences are: the structure of the granular endoplasmic riticulum and of the mitochondria, as well as the precipitation of microcorpuscles.

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1. The activity of the rat liver monooxygenase system after single and combined treatment with Fasciola hepatica and diethylnitrosamine (DENA) has been studied in a 27-week experiment. 2. The changes in lever drug metabolism were due mainly to F. hepatica with DENA having a modulating effect only. 3. The results are discussed with reference to earlier data of ours concerning the effects of stimulation or inhibition of DENA-induced liver carcinogenesis against a background of acute or chronic fascioliasis.

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The kidneys of rats, experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis were studied by means of light and fluorescent microscopy. The results obtained suggest that this is a case of a proliferative intra- and extracapillary nephritis. Highest intensity of the pathological process was noted between the 30th and 50th day of the infection. The immunofluorescent reaction of kidney glomeruli demonstrated that the immune complexes were located predominantly in the basal membrane and the mesangium. The serological investigation showed that the maximum level of circulating immune complexes existed between 14th and 21st day after the infection.

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The ultrastructure of peritoneal macrophages of rats with chronic fascioliasis and the carcinogenic effect of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) were studied. The phagocytic activity of macrophages on Staphylococcus aureus were examined in its dynamics (in the 1st, 5th and 24th h). The ultrastructural changes of the macrophages were the most pronounced in animals injected eight times with DENA and the weakest in the group of animals infected twice with Fasciola hepatica. As to the phagocytic activity of the macrophages the following events were observed: attraction and adhesion of the bacterial cells to the surface of the macrophages, their inclusion in phagosomes; partial to full lysis of the bacteria; and formation of residual bodies. The phagocytosis was the most active in macrophages obtained from animals infected twice with Fasciola hepatica and the weakest in those from the DENA-treated animals.

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Male Wistar rats were treated by 9 i.p. injections with 100 mg/kg body weight diethylnitrosamine (DEN), in 9 consecutive weeks. After decapitation, between the 130th and 140th day, primary hepatocellular carcinomas were found. Tissue from 3 different parts of the liver was processed to study the activity of Glucose-6-Phosphatase in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, Adenosinetriphosphatase in the cell (plasma) membrane and of Succinic-Dehydrogenase in mitochondrial membranes. In the experimental animals liver tissue revealed no activity of G-6-P in any region affected by the tumor. ATP and SDG activity was dependent on the type of lesion. Generally speaking it diminished with the lesser differentiation of the hepatoma cells. Other morphological and metabolic aspects of liver DEN cancerogenesis are discussed.

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Ultrastructural investigation of lipocytes of obese diabetics (Diabetes mellitus) before and after treatment with a reducing diet 21 diabetics not depending on insulin with obesity of the second or third degree were given for 3 months a reducing diet containing 5110 kJ/day (86 g protein, 41 g fat, 119 g carbohydrates). After treatment the test persons had a loss of weight of 7.60 kg on average. Before and after treatment subcutaneous adipose tissue was taken by puncture biopsy and investigated by electron microscopy. After treatment extended intercellular spaces are evident in which collagenic and elastic fibres appear quantitatively enlarged. A certain plication and inequality of the cell membranes, a penetration of the fat droplet by cytoplasmatic outgrowths as well as a diminution of the lipocytes and the big fat droplet were found. The investigations show that even the relatively short treatment of 3 months exercises an influence on the structure of the lipocytes. That shows new possibilities of therapy and prophylaxis of obesity.

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A histologic study was carried out on the liver of rats treated each with 130 mg per kg body mass of diethylnitrosamine introduced intraperitoneally once in a week, over a period of 9 weeks. After the examination the experiment lasted further 17 weeks. A description is given of the histopathologic findings in the course of the experiment. Although some great diversity was found the setting in of the lesions showed a step-like character, which to a certain extent spoke of four definite stages in the development of the diethylnitrosamine chronic intoxication and cancerogenesis. The first stage, called alterative, included the period up to the 21st day of the experiment and was characterized by moderate dystrophic and inflammatory changes. The second stage, an alterative and proliferative one, included the time period from the fourth up to the eighth week and was distinguished by severe dystrophic, inflammatory, and proliferative processes. The third stage, called proliferative and tumorigenic, lasted from the ninth up to the seventeenth week and was shown to be the period of necrosis, cholangiofibrosis, and the production of neoplastic nodes. The fourth stage was the one of malignant growth, and it was dominated by the development of various, most often hepatocellular carcinomas that were seen after the seventeenth week of the experiment. All data referred to the use of nitrosamines and their transient compounds as pathogenic ecologic factors both for humans and animals, and is discussed in view of the opportunities for prophylaxis and therapy that are disclosed by knowing the dynamics of the particular pathologic process.

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Wistar male albino rats, with a body weight 100 +/- 200 g were treated with 1/15 LD50 daily dose of 12 mg/kg body weight of DDT in the course of 30 days (group II), 60 days (group III), 90 days (group IV) and control (not-treated) animals (group I). Histological, histochemical and electron-microscopic studies were carried out. Most pronounced proved to be the changes in the hepatic cells on the 60th experimental day. The granular endoplasmatic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosomes were mainly affected. Data about a moderately manifested fatty degeneration were established. The findings described on the 60th day, however, were not aggravated with the further treatment--90th day, suggesting a relative light injury of the rat liver by the toxic effects mentioned.

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Experiments were carried out with male albino rats treated with the phosphorous-organic compound--bromex. The pesticide was perorally administered to one of the experimental groups--a single dose of 1/2 LD50. The same quantity bromex was administered to the other experimental group after a previous 20-day treatment with the same preparation but with a dose of 1/20 LD50. The changes, not particularly well manifested, progressing the organelles of the liver cells were followed up. The changes were established (in mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum, lysozoymes and some other organelles) to be better manifested in the group under a single effect of bromex. In this case they are interpreted as manifestation of one initial alterative process. In the group with the 20-day low doses, followed up by one high dose, the changes were gradual, lighter and considered a manifestation of a sort of adaptation or a form of subcellular liver regeneration.

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An experiment was carried out with male albino rats, with a mean body weight 165 g, grouped into 4 groups: on protein deficiency diet (with 3.8% protein in food), 4-week treatment with 1/50 LD50 bromex and a control group (not treated). It was established that the separate bromex treatment of the animals or their putting on a 6-week deficiency diet led to moderate changes in hepatocyte organelles. The combined effect of both factors--bromex and deficiency diet--sums the effect leading to the reduction of chromatin inclusions of the nuclei, reduces the amount of GER, Ser and mitochondria, dystrophic changes in mitochondria, increase of secondary lysozyomes and build up of fatty acids in hepatocytes.

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The authors examined experimental albino rats, treated with low vinyl chloride doses via electronmicroscopic autoradiography by marking with thymidine H3. It was established that no blastic processes developed in liver with the low vinyl chloride doses used. THe authors found a certain inhibition of the plastic functions of hepatocytes, manifested by the diminished marking of thymidine H3 in the nuclei of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, being of essential importance for an eventual development of the blastic processes in liver.

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White male Wistar rats were treated with Aflatoxin B1 for 2 months while on standard pellet food ad libitum or 80% undernutrition. Although each animal received 400 micrograms of AFB1 no cancer in the liver or elsewhere developed. Histologically the findings in the groups treated with the mycotoxin were the well known until now. Undernutrition led to atrophic and degenerative changes in the liver. Electronmicroscopically there were found marked changes in the nucleus, with microsegregation of the nucleolus; diminution and disorganization of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria; changes in the lysosomes, abundance of microbodies etc. with difference according to the intoxication, nutrition, or both of them. However, the combination of the 2 etiologic factors did not lead to a simple summation of the deleterious effect. At the same time, we do not have the right to claim a real "anticarcinogenic" action of undernutrition.

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The authors studied the immature reaction of 60 adult female Wistar rats fed diets of varying protein content. Within 16 weeks, the diet very low in protein (daily intake of 1.22 g of protein as compared to 3.75 g of protein in the control animals) led to atrophy and fibrosis in the spleen, a morphological correlate to suppressed humoral immunity. A pathologically increased autophagy was demonstrated by electron microscopy that surpassed the functional capacity of the lysosomes of the immunocompetent cells. In case of medium-protein diet (daily intake 2.55 g of protein), the structural and functional status of the protein-synthetizing apparatus and of the lysosomes secured the normal blast transformation of the lymphocytes in the splenic capsules and an effective immune reaction. However, a boundary between the adaptation reparative and the alterative irreversible pathological processes in the lymphatic organs became delineated when the medium-protein diet was given.

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White male Wistar rats were treated with 6 and 10 mg/kg of Aflatoxin Bi intraperitoneally. 3 h afterwards, they were decapitated and their livers processed after the classical histological methods for electron microscopy as well as after the method of Gomory-Holt for acid phosphatase in liver tissue. The ultrastructural changes affected the nucleus and its chromatin; the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum were vacuolised; the Golgi apparatus was activated; the autophagic function of the hepatocyte lysosomes was underlined, as well as the heterophagic in the Kupffer cells. The findings are discussed as signs of early degenerative process, or of lipophanerosis.

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Rats received a protein-deficient standard diet and, separately at different hours of the day, protein (casein). The control group was given the standard diet added with casein. The livers of the rats were examined for histological and ultrastructural changes. The smallest changes were observed in animals which had received protein at eight o'clock. The control animals and the animals which had received protein at thirteen and nineteen o'clock, respectively, showed slight fatty infiltration of the liver.

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Several structural characteristics of the lysosome apparatus in the liver and the spleen of 80 mature (4-month old) female albino Wistar rats subjected to ad libitum feeding (17.5% protein = control) and to chronic (16 weeks) highly restricted diet (5.7% protein) were studied electron-microscopically. The beta-glucosaminidase and alpha-mannosidase serum activity, assessing lysosome membrane permeability, was also determined. Results obtained in these studies are compared with data from quantitative and semi-qualitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of IgG and IgM in the serum as well as with the existing capacities for the production of specific precipitating antibodies post antigen stimulation with 10% human gamma-globulin and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Distinctly disturbed IgM synthesis and precipitating antibody production was observed in rats subjected to restricted diet. Inhibition of humoral immunogenesis probably begins as early as endocytosis, and is determined by the ineffective heterophagic function of the lysosomes against the introduced antigen. It can be assumed that this is a result of pathologically enhanced autophagy due to increased endogenic nutrition, exhausting the lysosome system's functional capacity and affecting not only hepatocytes and macrophages, but also some other immunocompetent cells.

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The present study aims to clarify some discussion problems on the role of protein deficit in the diet during alcohol action. They carried out studies on rats, part of which received alcohol with whole protein diet, but other part -- low protein diet. The results from the morphological examination showed that lack of proteins in food was of substantial significance and increased pathological changes in liver, due to alcohol effect.

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