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What is the prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis? 3 groups (of 50 participants each) were examined for a possible TMD diagnosis: 1. patients with early rheumatoid arthritis, 2. at-risk individuals, and 3. healthy controls. A possible association with bruxism, determined on the basis of self-reporting and clinical features, was also examined. At-risk patients had a higher prevalence of TMD pain diagnoses compared to healthy controls (p = 0.046). Within the early rheumatoid arthritis group, seronegative patients had a higher prevalence of TMD pain diagnoses than seropositive patients (p = 0.048). No further differences in the prevalence of TMD diagnoses were found between the groups. Participants with a TMD pain diagnosis were more often diagnosed with probable sleep bruxism than those without a TMD pain diagnosis. The prevalence of TMD pain is increased in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative early rheumatoid arthritis patients, and is associated with signs of bruxism.

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Various studies have found that parental divorce is associated with offspring offending during adolescence. Less is known, however, about the mechanisms underlying this association, and it may be possible that this association is spurious rather than causal. In this study, register data on 1,883,794 individuals, who were born in the Netherlands between 1991 and 2001, and their parents were used to examine to what extent parental divorce is associated with offspring adolescent offending. Moreover, a genetically-informed research design, in which children of discordant siblings (N = 59,102) were compared, was applied to examine whether unmeasured familial confounders (i.e., genetic and shared environment confounders) account for this association. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between parental divorce and adolescent offending, yet we find a weaker relationship when comparing offspring of discordant siblings. This suggests that previous studies may have overestimated the strength of the association, as they do not control for unmeasured familial confounders.

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Being able to chew properly is crucial to a good quality of life. This, in turn, is based on good oral health. This not only applies to healthy people, but also to those who are vulnerable. To achieve this good oral health, the authors of this opinion paper argue for more integration of medical and dental education, in order to promote shared expertise and, thus, interprofessional collaboration. It is expected this will ultimately benefit both general health and oral health for everyone.

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OBJECTIVES/AIMS: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease affecting the joints, including the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Early diagnosis and treatment can alleviate symptoms and prevent progression. Predictors for disease outcome in individuals at risk for RA are therefore valuable. While limited information is available on the prevalence of TMJ involvement in early RA, previous studies suggest that RA, periodontitis and the oral microbiome are interrelated. Predictive factors for RA development may thus be present in the oral cavity. Our two aims are: (1) to assess the prevalence of TMJ involvement in early RA, and (2) to investigate the predictive value of oral factors in RA development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We will include 150 individuals in this multi-center, prospective cohort study: 50 patients with early RA, 50 at-risk individuals, and 50 healthy controls. At baseline, the TMJ, periodontal health, and the oral microbiome will be examined. The general health will be followed over time, on four occasions up to 3 years. DISCUSSION: Our results will provide insight into the prevalence and clinical characterization of TMJ involvement in early RA. For at-risk individuals, oral factors can be studied as possible predictors for the development of RA.

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Hydrological monitoring is essential to guide evidence-based decision making necessary for sustainable water resource management and governance. Limited hydrometric datasets and the pressure on long-term hydrological monitoring networks make it paramount to explore alternative methods for data collection. This is particularly the case for low-income countries, where data scarcity is more pronounced, and where conventional monitoring methods are expensive and logistically challenging. Citizen science in hydrological research has recently gained popularity and crowdsourced monitoring is a promising cost-effective approach for data collection. Citizen science also has the potential to enhance knowledge co-creation and science-based evidence that underpins the governance and management of water resources. This paper provides a comprehensive review on citizen science and crowdsourced data collection within the context of hydrology, based on a synthesis of 71 articles from 2001 to 2018. Application of citizen science in hydrology is increasing in number and breadth, generating a plethora of scientific data. Citizen science approaches differ in scale, scope and degree of citizen involvement. Most of the programs are found in North America and Europe. Participation mostly comprises a contributory citizen science model, which engages citizens in data collection. In order to leverage the full potential of citizen science in knowledge co-generation, future citizen science projects in hydrology could benefit from more co-created types of projects that establish strong ties between research and public engagement, thereby enhancing the long-term sustainability of monitoring networks.

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Although water is involved in many ecosystem services, the absence of monitoring data restricts the development of effective water management strategies especially in remote regions. Traditional monitoring networks can be expensive, with unaffordable costs in many low-income countries. Involving citizens in monitoring through crowdsourcing has the potential to reduce these costs but remains uncommon in hydrology. This study evaluates the quality and quantity of data generated by citizens in a remote Kenyan basin and assesses whether crowdsourcing is a suitable method to overcome data scarcity. We installed thirteen water level gauges equipped with signboards explaining the monitoring process to passers-by. Results were sent via a text-message-based data collection framework that included an immediate feedback to citizens. A public web interface was used to visualize the data. Within the first year, 124 citizens reported 1175 valid measurements. We identified thirteen citizens as active observers providing more than ten measurements, whereas 57% only sent one record. A comparison between the crowdsourced water level data and an automatic gauging station revealed high data quality. The results of this study indicate that citizens can provide water level data of sufficient quality and with high temporal resolution.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare recurrence of a cyst or abscess of the Bartholin gland after surgical treatment using a Word catheter or marsupialisation. DESIGN: Multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Eighteen hospitals in the Netherlands and one hospital in England. POPULATION: Women with a symptomatic cyst or abscess of the Bartholin gland. METHODS: Women were randomised to treatment with Word catheter or marsupialisation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was recurrence of the cyst or abscess within 1 year of treatment. The secondary outcomes included pain during and after treatment (measured on a 10-point scale), use of analgesics, and time from diagnosis to treatment. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. To assess whether marsupialisation would reduce the recurrence rate by 5% (from 20 to 15%) we needed to include 160 women (alpha error 0.05, beta error 0.2). RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-one women were randomly allocated to treatment by Word catheter (n = 82) or marsupialisation (n = 79) between August 2010 and May 2014. Baseline characteristics were comparable. Recurrence occurred in 10 women (12%) allocated to Word catheter versus eight women (10%) allocated to marsupialisation: relative risk (RR) 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-1.91; P = 0.70. Pain scores after treatment were also comparable. In the first 24 hours after treatment, 33% used analgesics in the Word catheter group versus 74% in the marsupialisation group (P < 0.001). Time from diagnosis to treatment was 1 hour for placement of Word catheter versus 4 hours for marsupialisation (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In women with an abscess or cyst of the Bartholin gland, treatment with Word catheter and marsupialisation results in comparable recurrence rates. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Comparable recurrence rates for treatment of Bartholinic abscess/cyst with Word catheter and marsupialisation.

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Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-inflammatory, non-atherosclerotic vasculopathy that can lead to arterial stenosis, occlusion, aneurysms, and dissection. FMD of the renal arteries can lead to renovascular hypertension. Percutaneous angioplasty of the renal arteries (PTRA) can lead to normalization of blood pressure in 45% of patients with renal artery stenosis caused by FMD, particularly in younger patients and patients with a short history of hypertension. A considerable number of the patients with renovascular FMD also have cervical FMD, which can lead to ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke. In this article we discuss diagnostic and therapeutic options, illustrated by two cases of patients with renovascular and carotid FMD. Most of the recommendations are based on data from retrospective studies and expert opinion; prospective studies on the optimal diagnostic strategy and treatment are therefore, urgently required.

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BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a frequently experienced complaint in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) and may be influenced by cortisol levels. AIM: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of severe fatigue in adrenal insufficiency (AI) patients, to assess which dimensions contribute to fatigue severity and to determine the association between salivary cortisol levels and momentary fatigue. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study in the outpatient department of a university hospital. Included were 27 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 26 patients with primary AI (PAI), 24 patients with secondary AI (SAI) and 31 patients with adrenal insufficiency after treatment for Cushing's syndrome (Cush-AI). Measurements included computerised questionnaires to determine fatigue severity and physical and psychosocial contributors. Patients took four saliva samples at home, in which cortisol levels were measured. RESULTS: Severe fatigue was experienced by 41 % of the CAH patients, 42 % of the PAI patients, 50 % of the SAI patients and 42 % of the Cush-AI patients. Psychological distress, functional impairment, sleep disturbance, physical activity, concentration problems and social functioning contributed to the subjective experience of fatigue. Salivary cortisol levels were not correlated with momentary fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable proportion of AI patients experience severe fatigue. Salivary cortisol level is not a significant predictor for momentary fatigue in AI patients.

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We report a 36-year-old woman with primary hypothyroidism revealed by postpartum amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea associated with hyperprolactinaemia and suprasellar pituitary enlargement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On thyroid hormone replacement therapy all clinical, biochemical, radiological and endocrine abnormalities disappeared. Hyperplasia of pituitary thyrotrophs and/or lactotrophs seems to be responsible for the pituitary enlargement seen on MRI.

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