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The paper presents the results of estimating the quality of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining in 36 pathologic laboratories of the Russian Federation. The results of IHC stains were assessed in 17 markers (CD3, CD5, CDIO, CD15, CD20, CD23, CD30, Bcl2, Bcl6, Pax5, TdT, Mum1, Cyclin D1, Ki-67, Kappa, Lambda, ALK), which are frequently used in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases, in the sections of specially formed tissue matrices. The study conducted in most participating laboratories has revealed the considerable IHC staining technology flaws that can critically affect the quality of diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases; the diagnostic capacities of some participating laboratories are inconsistent with the solved problems for a number of key antibodies being unavailable.

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Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is an extramedullary tumor made up by myeloid blasts that may be undifferentiated or show varying degrees of maturation. This paper gives the results of morphological and immunohistochemical studies of 15 cases of MS. The patients' age was 32.7 +/- 14.3 years. The most involvement was observed in lymph nodes (6 cases) and vertebral bodies with spread to the epidural space and soft tissues (3 cases). Differentiated MS was diagnosed in 60% of cases. The immunohistochemical profile of MS was characterized by the expression of MPO (100%), CD68 (92.8%), CD34 (77%), CD 117 (53.8%), lysozyme (50%), and TdT (44.4%). The blast structure similarity of myeloid blasts and other cells to chromatin makes MS difficult to diagnose. Without immunohistochemical study, MS is misdiagnosed and most frequently misinterpreted as one of the types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

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Our study was concerned with prognostic significance of immunophenotypical features of prostate adenocarcinoma such as Ki-67 proliferation, androgen receptors (AR), microvascular density (MVD) in the stroma and tumor glands. Ki-67, AR and MVD expression correlated inversely with PSA level during hormonotherapy (r=0.24-0.39) as well as tumor cell differentiation grade (r=0.23-0.25). High expression of the said markers involved reduced efficiency of hormonotherapy.

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This two-part review addresses the current diagnostic approaches towards primary cutaneous lymphomas. In this part, main T and NK-cell lymphomas are described with reference to clinical presentation, histological and immunohistochemical features, and genetic alterations based on the new WHO-EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas.

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The review concerns the current approaches to the diagnosis of primary cutaneous lymphomas. B-cell lymphomas are described with the reference to their clinical presentation, histological, and immunohistochemical features and genetic alterations based on the new WHO-EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas.

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The study reports the standard for the activity of an immunohistochemical laboratory. The standard includes a staff list, objective calculation, and planning the salary in accordance with a real amount of work. On performing the high-tech and labor-intensive morphological studies, the actual spent time essentially differs from the current standards, which requires implementation of organizational, financial, economic, and methodological measures at the federal level.

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This is a review characterizing a rare skin tumor which in the WHO-EORTC classification of skin lymphoma is called CD4+/CD5+ hematodermal tumor (blastic NK-cellular lymphoma). Analysis of clinical picture and results of histological investigation of tumor nodules in the skin and bone marrow does not allow one to reveal specific signs sufficient for diagnosis. Immunohistochemical study with panel of markers including CD4, CD56, CD68, TdT is necessary for this tumor diagnosis.

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Histopathologic features of immunohistochemically confirmed 37 nodal peripheral T-cell lymphomas are described. Unspecified and 10 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas were analyzed. The most demonstrative histological features of both types of lymphomas were spectrum of small, medium and large lymphoid cells, lymphoid cells with irregular nuclei, presence of clusters of clear cells, arborizing endothelial venules, increased number of histiocytes, eosinophils and plasma cells. Isolated paracortical expantion, compartmentalization of neoplastic infiltrate and large atypical Reed-Stemberg-like cells were occasional findings. Delineation between peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma needs evaluation of follicular dendritic cell pattern. The results suggest that detection of histopathologic features typical for peripheral T-cell lymphomas gives an opportunity to compose optimal panel for immunotyping which is absolutely necessary.

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3 cases of T-cell panniculitis-like lymphoma of the subcutaneous fat are reported. Clinical, histological and immunohistochemical findings are presented. Histologically, we found lobular structure, atypical small and middle-size lymphoid cells, angiocentric growth, erythrophagocytosis. Immunohistochemically it was a cytotoxic phenotype of atypical T-cells. T-cell panniculitis-like lymphoma is a special variant of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma which is diagnosed immunohistochemically.

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Tissue microarrays are an ordered array of tissue cores in a paraffin block. They permit immunohistochemical analysis of numerous sections of archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Short information on the construction is given and the authors' modification is described. Sixteen tissue microarrays out of 252 archival cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with diffuse small cell, diffuse large cell and blastic morphology were immunophenotyped. Leading technical problems are discussed. The design and precision in execution of a tissue microarray have a role to obtain valid results.

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AIM: To determine relative frequency of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) variants according to WHO classification categories in the North-West of Russia by the data of the local pathomorphological department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four hundred consecutive untreated patients with NHL were diagnosed according to the WHO classification between January 2000 and October 2003 in the Regional Bureau of Pathology, St-Petersburg. The patients' age, gender, location of the biopsied tumor focus were considered. The immunohistochemical study was performed by the paraffin section-immunoperoxidase method. Cases of plasma cell myeloma and bone marrow trephine biopsy diagnosed neoplasms were excluded, the rest series of 377 cases was compared to other regional world series. RESULTS: B-cell lymphomas accounted for 79.6% and T-cell type for 20.4% of 377 NHL cases. 33.2% cases were different histological variants of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 17.0% were B-cell small lymphocytic lymphomas, 11.0%--follicular lymphomas, 4.5%--mantle cell lymphomas, 2.1%--extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (MALT-type), 1.9%--primary B-cell mediastinal lymphomas. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas, unspecified and anaplastic large T/null cell lymphomas were diagnosed in 6.4 and 4.2% of 377 cases, respectively. Other lymphoma diagnoses comprised 19.7%. CONCLUSION: Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and B-cell small lymphocytic lymphomas are prevalent among B-cell neoplasms. Follicular lymphomas and mantle cell lymphomas are less common in the North-West of Russia compared to Europe and USA. The relative frequency of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (MALT-type) is lower and anaplastic large T/null cell lymphomas is higher than these in International Lymphoma Study Group, Taiwan and Japan series. This study provides evidence that the distribution pattern of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma subtypes in the North-West of Russia shows significant differences with those from the rest of the world.

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A study was performed in 80 patients with follicular lymphomas and 61 patients with follicular hyperplasia of lymph nodes. The sensitivity, specificity, prognostic value, and the positive and negative likelihood ratio of various histological differentially diagnostic parameters were estimated. The signs that are of great informative value were as follows: the presence (or absence) of concentric layers of mantle cells, follicular polarization, the presence of histiocytes with phagocytosed nuclear debris in the follicles and atypical follicular cells outside the follicles.

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Intravascular lymphoma has an aggressive course. Its clinical manifestations may vary and most often include fever, skin lesions and mental disorders. Diagnosis can be made by biopsy of an affected organ. In 30-50% of cases, intravascular lymphoma is diagnosed post mortem. Poor diagnosis is mostly due to a variety of clinical manifestations and an aggressive course. Yet, in cases of timely diagnosis, complete remission can be achieved by combination chemotherapy in approximately 55%. We report a clinical cases of intravascular B-cell lymphoma which was verified in a post mortem immunochemical investigation.

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In the REAL classification, diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are grouped together. We investigated histological variants and immunohistochemical profile of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas in 53 patients. Accuracy of the diagnosis was 73.6% without immunohistochemistry. The usefulness of immunophenotyping in making the correct diagnosis depended on a specific histological variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Variants with polymorphic and anaplastic morphology or massive reactive component have been diagnosed by routine histological methods with poor validity.

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Sixty six patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) were studied, interleukin-6 (IL-6) was revealed in the blood sera of 33 patients. IL-6 was revealed more frequently in patients with high-grade malignant (p < 0.05) than in those with low-grade malignancy. The largest group of IL-6 positive patients included NHL patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and angioimmunoblastic lymphoma. The marked relationship was found between the serum IL-6 levels and the stage of disease: the serum IL-6 level was significantly lower in untreated patients with Stages II and III disease than in those with end-stage (IV) NHL. IL-6 significantly decreased upon remission, comparable with its level before the initiation of treatment. Analysing the association of prognosis of disease with the serum IL-6 showed that in the group of patients with good (The SNLG index < 2) and intermediate (2 < SNLG index < by 2.6) prognosis, the concentration of this cytokine was significantly lower than in those with poor prognosis (SNLG index > 2.6). There was a significant decrease of the total survival rates of NHL with serum IL-6 found. Therefore, IL-6 is a good prognostic marker in NHL and associated with the activity of a malignant process. Additionally, the increased serum IL-6 levels correlated with NK activities positively and with serum IL-4 levels negatively.

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Thirty-four primary (untreated) patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were examined. Their HLA phenotype and the production of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha were assessed. Serological profiles characteristic of the late stages and reactivation of EBV infection were detected in 16 (47.1%) patients. NHL of low malignancy predominated in EBV-infected patients. A greater number of blank HLA-A antigens and a higher incidence of HLA-DR7 antigen was observed in infected patients. Serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha was reliably higher in them, whereas the production of this cytokine by the peripheral blood mononuclears decreased. Hence, serum tumor necrosis factor is a product of transformed B lymphocytes. Spontaneous and stimulated production of interleukin-1 beta by peripheral blood mononuclears was significantly decreased in EBV-infected patients, and the serum concentration of this cytokine similarly had a trend to decrease, which indicates an inhibition of interleukin-1 beta production in EBV-infected patients with NHL.

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