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In Icelandic horses (ICE), high, long hooves with added weights are often used to improve gait quality in competitions. From a biomechanical point of view, excessively long hooves can be problematic as they increase forces acting on the distal limb. The study aimed to determine if hoof capsule size and angle of ICE at competitions are comparable to those of Warmblood horses (WB) requiring shoeing. Hoof dimensions and balance were quantified in 13 horses of each breed at the beginning of a shoeing period (BSP), allowing a baseline comparison between breeds, as well as for WB at the end of a shoeing period (ESP) and for ICE when shod for competition (COMP). Left front and hind hoof capsules and bony structures of the hooves were measured on lateromedial and dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar radiographs at BSP (ICE, WB), ESP (WB) and COMP (ICE), respectively, using the software Metron-Hoof-Pro. Compared to WBBSP, ICEBSP had larger hoof capsules relative to the size of P3 and, when controlled for withers height, longer dorsal hoof wall lengths. The comparison of ICECOMP to WBESP indicated that the relative increase in hoof length and volume was greater in ICECOMP compared to WBESP. Hoof balance was closer to previously published values in WBs, while hoof angles in ICE (particularly palmar/plantar angle of P3) were generally larger and thus less problematic. In conclusion, hooves of ICECOMP were relatively larger and less balanced than WBESP, but hoof angles in WB were smaller than in ICE.

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The biological activity of interleukin (IL)-2 and other cytokines in vivo can be augmented by binding to certain anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Here, we review evidence on how IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb complexes can be used to cause selective stimulation and expansion of certain T-cell subsets. With some anti-IL-2 mAbs, injection of IL-2/mAb complexes leads to expansion of CD8 T effector cells but not CD4 T regulatory cells (Tregs); these complexes exert less adverse side effects than soluble IL-2 and display powerful antitumor activity. Other IL-2/mAb complexes have minimal effects on CD8 T cells but cause marked expansion of Tregs. Preconditioning mice with these complexes leads to permanent acceptance of MHC-disparate pancreatic islets in the absence of immunosuppression.

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INTRODUCTION: Receptive music therapy (rMT) not only provides a good feeling but also a more effective healing process and mastery of stress. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a preliminary study it could be shown that American Doudouk-music (feel-good music) suppressed salivary histamine secretion in two groups (n = 4) of allergic and non-allergic young volunteers. Stress was induced by eating adverse food/allergenic food during music exposure. There was no response in the vein blood samples and no significant difference between the allergic and non-allergic groups. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that saliva is an appropriate medium for histamine measurements during music exposure.

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The hypothesis of a significant involvement of the cholinergic system in the pathogenesis of affective disorders still lacks strong experimental support. This is mainly because of missing specific peripheral markers of the central nervous activity of the cholinergic system and the lack of specific cholinergic agonists and antagonists without severe peripheral side effects. As the direct cholinergic agonist RS 86 seems to be more suitable because of its minor side effects, long half-life and oral applicability, it was tested for its antimanic property and its effect on the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal system and the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-generating system. RS 86 exhibited antimanic and REM sleep-inducing properties, but failed to stimulate the cortisol system.

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A sample of 48 former nonpsychotic inpatients was studied with respect to the overlap of depression and anxiety. Particular emphasis was placed on social dysfunctions associated with anxiety disorder as both a pure and a mixed condition. Furthermore, another question examined was whether social dysfunctions represent a risk factor for the development of a severe depression. Almost 40% of patients with a DSM-III anxiety disorder (during the last 4 weeks before follow-up) simultaneously fulfilled the criteria of a depressive disorder, mainly those of a major depression. While the course of symptomatology for both the pure anxiety and the mixed group had been rather similar over a long period of time, social dysfunctions before index admission had been generally more pronounced in patients who later developed a severe secondary depression. Social dysfunctions of patients with both disorders are not exclusively explainable by a higher severity of symptoms or the presence of particular personality features.

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Hypercortisolism in depression has been extensively studied during the last three decades. The main hypothesis regarding origin and clinical relevance of this phenomenon, however, has changed significantly. Up to the mid-seventies hypercortisolism was conceived as consequence of stress modified by the degree of unconscious defense mechanisms in different forms of depressive or non-depressive psychiatric disorders. At the end of the seventies this point of view changed considerably. Hypercortisolism was regarded as a biological statemarker of the endogenous subtype of depression with clinical differential-diagnostic relevance. An abnormal dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was assumed to be the best indication of increased activation of the cortisol system. These conclusions turned out to be wrong. DST results are not specific for melancholia and the test seems to be of limited value for measuring the function of the HPA-axis. Intervening variables, such as weight loss, drug and alcohol withdrawal or situational stress, influence the test results significantly, independent of the nosological classification. Additionally, interindividual differences in the susceptibility of the HPA-axis may decisively influence the the activation of the HPA-axis as well in healthy subjects under stress as in psychiatric patients.

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Neuroendocrine abnormalities in depression have been regarded, by many authors, as relatively specific markers of nosological subtypes of the disorder, e.g. primary vs. secondary, endogenous vs. non-endogenous or unipolar vs. bipolar depression. They should reflect the same changes in central neurotransmitters (e.g. noradrenergic insufficiency and/or cholinergic hyperactivity) that were hypothesized as the cause of clinical symptoms. This view is challenged on the basis of our own neuroendocrine investigations in 317 psychiatric patients and 103 normal controls. According to these studies the abnormalities are nosologically rather unspecific. They are induced by a large variety of factors, e.g. emotional stress associated with the clinical symptomatology, weight loss due to malnutrition as a consequence of reduced appetite, medication and drug withdrawal. Stress-induced hypercortisolism appears to be the most common abnormality that may trigger other neuroendocrine dysfunctions, such as a blunted TSH response to TRH. Differences in neuroendocrine abnormalities of depressives are probably due to variations in the manifold factors influencing the hormonal axes involved, to temporal changes in hormonal patterns (e.g. one abnormality triggering another) and to individual differences in the basic activity and the responsiveness of the various axes.

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Twenty-two patients with anorexia nervosa were studied at 2-week intervals during treatment on psychiatric wards. In order to characterize the metabolic situation in starvation, levels of free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetate were measured. The endocrine adaptation to starvation was studied by measuring triiodothyronine, noradrenaline, and cortisol. Anorectic symptoms were assessed by the Anorexia Nervosa Inventory Scale (ANIS) and mood changes on the basis of a "Befindlichkeits" Scale (BF). Only half of the patients showed metabolic and endocrine signs of starvation on admission to the hospital, despite low body weight. This group had significantly more severe anorectic symptoms (ANIS) and gained weight at a lesser rate. Metabolic signs of starvation disappeared during the first 4 weeks of therapy in most of the patients. The endocrine indicators for starvation normalized much more slowly, with noradrenaline having the slowest pace. "Bulimics" and "restricters" could not be distinguished from one another by metabolic or endocrine observations. The "bulimics," however, showed more severe anorectic symptoms (ANIS) and a more depressed mood.

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The results of a 7-year follow-up study of 50 former psychiatric inpatients with a diagnosis of depressive neurosis (ICD 300.4) who met the RDC criteria for Major Depression are reported. The follow-up assessment of the patients included the use of standardized social, psychological and psychopathological instruments. In addition, the course of illness as well as the utilization of medical services and periods of working disability were evaluated. The results indicate a rather unfavourable course and outcome in terms of symptoms for approximately 40% of the sample, including six patients who had committed suicide after index discharge. Almost 40% of the sample showed mild chronic symptoms with persistent impairments in social functioning especially in the area of social interaction, whereas only 20% of the sample were classified as satisfactorily improved or completely remitted.

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Embryogenesis of the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans produces a juvenile having about 550 cells at hatching. We have determined the lineages of 182 cells by tracing the divisions of individual cells in living embryos. An invariant pattern of cleavage divisions of the egg generates a set of stem cells. These stem cells are the founders of six stem cell lineages. Each lineage has its own clock--i.e., an autonomous rhythm of synchronous cell divisions. The rhythms are maintained in spite of extensive cellular rearrangement. The rate and the orientation of the cell divisions of the cell lineages are essentially invariant among individuals. Thus, the destiny of cells seems to depend primarily on their lineage history. The anterior position of the site of origin of the stem cells in the egg relates to the rate of the cell cycle clock, suggesting intracellular preprogramming of the uncleaved egg. We used a technique that allows normal embryogenesis, from the fertilized egg to hatching, outside the parent under a cover glass. Embryogenesis was followed microscopically with Nomarski interference optics and high-resolution video recording.

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Thymidine kinase positive (TK(+)) N type cell lines that had been transformed by spleen focus-forming virus were established by transformation with NB tropic Friend virus complex. Thymidine kinase deficient (TK(-)) cell clones were isolated. Some of these cell clones release 1000- to 100,000-fold reduced amounts of Friend virus complex as compared to the TK(+) parental cell clone. TK(-) clones were grown in medium without BrdUrd. Some of these TK(-) clones can be induced to release endogenous helper virus and transforming spleen focus-forming virus on reexposure to 10(-6)-10(-4) M BrdUrd. The induced Friend virus complex is of N host range as expected with induced endogenous virus in N-type cells. Before the induction of the endogenous virus spleen focus-forming virus complex, an induction of thymidine kinase (ATP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.75) activity is observed. The latter is possibly a prerequisite for the induction of endogenous virus in TK(-) cells. Induction of thymidine kinase activity and of endogenous virus is transient and always correlated. The role of BrdUrd and another thymidine analogue, azidothymidine, in interfering with C-type virus release in virus positive cells is discussed. Azidothymidine is unable to induce endogenous virus. Induction of endogenous virus by BrdUrd and inhibition of virus release in virus positive cells is apparently not caused by the same mechanism.

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