RESUMEN
Transcription factors control, coordinate, and separate the functions of distinct network modules spatially and temporally. In this review, we focus on the transcription factor 21 (TCF21) network, a highly conserved basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein that functions to integrate signals and modulate gene expression. We summarize the molecular and biological properties of TCF21 control with an emphasis on molecular and functional TCF21 interactions. We suggest that these interactions serve to modulate the development of different organs at the transcriptional level to maintain growth homeostasis and to influence cell fate. Importantly, TCF21 expression is epigenetically inactivated in different types of human cancers. The epigenetic modification or activation and/or loss of TCF21 expression results in an imbalance in TCF21 signaling, which may lead to tumor initiation and, most likely, to progression and tumor metastasis. This review focuses on research on the roles of TCF21 in development and tumorigenesis systematically considering the physiological and pathological function of TCF21. In addition, we focus on the main molecular bases of its different roles whose importance should be clarified in future research. For this review, PubMed databases and keywords such as TCF21, POD-1, capsulin, tumors, carcinomas, tumorigenesis, development, and mechanism of action were utilized. Articles were selected within a historical context as were a number of citations from journals with relevant impact.
Asunto(s)
Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico , Carcinogénesis , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/genética , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/metabolismo , Carcinogénesis/genética , Diferenciación Celular , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/genética , Humanos , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Transcription factors control, coordinate, and separate the functions of distinct network modules spatially and temporally. In this review, we focus on the transcription factor 21 (TCF21) network, a highly conserved basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein that functions to integrate signals and modulate gene expression. We summarize the molecular and biological properties of TCF21 control with an emphasis on molecular and functional TCF21 interactions. We suggest that these interactions serve to modulate the development of different organs at the transcriptional level to maintain growth homeostasis and to influence cell fate. Importantly, TCF21 expression is epigenetically inactivated in different types of human cancers. The epigenetic modification or activation and/or loss of TCF21 expression results in an imbalance in TCF21 signaling, which may lead to tumor initiation and, most likely, to progression and tumor metastasis. This review focuses on research on the roles of TCF21 in development and tumorigenesis systematically considering the physiological and pathological function of TCF21. In addition, we focus on the main molecular bases of its different roles whose importance should be clarified in future research. For this review, PubMed databases and keywords such as TCF21, POD-1, capsulin, tumors, carcinomas, tumorigenesis, development, and mechanism of action were utilized. Articles were selected within a historical context as were a number of citations from journals with relevant impact.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/genética , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/metabolismo , Carcinogénesis/genética , Transducción de Señal , Diferenciación Celular , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/genéticaRESUMEN
Burkholderia anthina XXVI is a rhizosphere bacterium isolated from a mango orchard in Mexico. This strain has a significant biological control activity against the causal agent of mango anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, likely through the production of siderophores and other secondary metabolites. Here, we present a draft genome sequence of B. anthina XXVI (approximately 7.7 Mb; and G + C content of 67.0%), with the aim of gaining insight into the genomic basis of antifungal modes of action, ecological success as a biological control agent, and full biosynthetic potential.
Asunto(s)
Burkholderia/genética , Antibiosis , Secuencia de Bases , Agentes de Control Biológico , Vías Biosintéticas , Burkholderia/aislamiento & purificación , Anotación de Secuencia Molecular , Familia de Multigenes , Filogenia , Secuenciación Completa del GenomaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The study examined the usefulness and clinical correlates of specific diagnostic criteria for apathy in Alzheimer's disease. Whereas apathy is a frequent behavioral change in patients with Alzheimer's disease, the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria may explain the wide discrepancies in estimates of the frequency and demographic and clinical correlates of apathy. METHOD: A consecutive series of 319 patients who met the criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease established by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, 117 patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for depression without dementia, and 36 healthy individuals were assessed with a structured psychiatric interview. On the basis of modified Marin's criteria for apathy, they were classified into groups with or without apathy. RESULTS: Apathy was diagnosed in 37% of the 319 Alzheimer's disease patients, compared to none of the healthy comparison subjects. In 24% of the Alzheimer's disease sample, apathy coexisted with either dysthymic disorder or major depressive disorder, whereas 13% had apathy without depression. Apathy was diagnosed in 32% of the depressed nondemented patients, mostly in those with major depressive disorder. Apathy in Alzheimer's disease was significantly associated with severe impairments in activities of daily living and cognitive functions, older age, and poor awareness of behavioral and cognitive changes. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides partial validation of specific clinical criteria for apathy in Alzheimer's disease.
Asunto(s)
Síntomas Afectivos/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo/diagnóstico , Síntomas Afectivos/psicología , Anciano , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/psicología , Concienciación , Trastornos del Conocimiento/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Conocimiento/psicología , Comorbilidad , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/epidemiología , Depresión/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , Trastorno Distímico/diagnóstico , Trastorno Distímico/psicología , Femenino , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/estadística & datos numéricos , Análisis de Regresión , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , SíndromeRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the specificity of depressive symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease and examined the discrepancies between patient and caregiver symptom reports. METHOD: The study group was composed of a series of 233 patients with Alzheimer's disease, 47 patients with depression but without dementia, and 20 healthy comparison subjects; the latter two groups were comparable in age with the patients with Alzheimer's disease. The patients and comparison subjects received a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation, which included administration of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. RESULTS: Patients with Alzheimer's disease with a score of 2 or higher on the "depressed mood" item of the Hamilton depression scale, as scored by their respective caregivers, comprised a group with depressed mood (N=92), whereas patients who scored 0 on this item comprised a group without depressed mood (N=62). A statistical comparison of the scores on the remaining Hamilton depression scale items (2-16) between the Alzheimer's disease patients with and without depressed mood revealed significant differences on all items, except "loss of appetite." However, there were no significant differences on any single Hamilton depression scale item between the Alzheimer's disease patients without depressed mood and the age-comparable healthy comparison subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms are not widespread among patients with Alzheimer's disease but are significantly related to an underlying depressed mood. Patients with Alzheimer's disease may not be fully aware of the extent of their depressive symptoms.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo/diagnóstico , Anciano , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/psicología , Cuidadores/psicología , Cuidadores/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos del Conocimiento/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Conocimiento/epidemiología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/psicología , Comorbilidad , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/epidemiología , Depresión/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , Trastorno Distímico/diagnóstico , Trastorno Distímico/epidemiología , Trastorno Distímico/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
The aging process is associated with a progressive cognitive decline, but both the extent of this decline and the profile of age-related cognitive changes remain to be clearly established. Currently, cognitive deficits associated with aging may be diagnosed under the categories of age-associated memory impairment, age-associated cognitive impairment, or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) category of age-related cognitive decline. Age-related decline has been reported for several cognitive domains, such as language (eg, verb naming, verbal fluency), visuospatial abilities (eg, facial discrimination), executive functions (eg, set shifting, problem solving), and memory functions (eg, declarative learning, source memory). There is an age-related decline in brain cortical volume, which primarily involves association cortices and limbic regions. Studies of brain metabolic activity demonstrate an age-related decline in neocortical areas. Activation studies using cognitive tasks demonstrate that older healthy individuals have a different pattern of activation from younger subjects, suggesting thai older subjects may recruit additional brain areas in order to maintain performance.