RESUMEN
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry convened a workshop in Atlanta, GA, that evaluated approaches and methods to ascertain whether there are neurobehavioral sequelae to children and adults exposed to hazardous substances in the environment. This article, developed from that workshop, addresses the feasibility of employing extant neurobehavioral tests to screen pediatric populations. A matrix lists basic functions to be assessed during eight developmental periods ranging from birth to high school. The best of these neurobehavioral tests for pediatric populations and the types of assessment tools that are still needed are discussed. We make 10 specific recommendations to establish a hazardous substances neurobehavioral screen for pediatric populations, including appointing a review panel, developing a structured questionnaire, convening a conference on design and analysis, addressing minority and socially disadvantaged populations, coordinating adult and child assessment methods, information sharing among Federal agencies, baseline data, methodology research, research associated with hazardous worksites, and establishment of a pediatric databank.
Asunto(s)
Conducta/efectos de los fármacos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Sustancias Peligrosas/efectos adversos , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Proyectos de InvestigaciónAsunto(s)
Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente , Desarrollo Infantil , Composición Familiar , Terapia Familiar , Femenino , Predicción , Humanos , Control Interno-Externo , Masculino , Investigación , Asunción de Riesgos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/prevención & control , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicologíaAsunto(s)
Nicotina/farmacología , Fumar/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Alcoholismo/complicaciones , Predicción , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Investigación , Fumar/complicaciones , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/complicacionesAsunto(s)
Agresión/efectos de los fármacos , Cocaína/farmacología , Animales , Haplorrinos , Humanos , Saimiri , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Nine volunteer subjects were tested with intravenously administered cocaine hydrochloride in doses ranging from 4 to 32 mg, as well as 10 mg of dextroamphetamine sulfate. Measures of cardiovascular and subjective effects were made. Generally parallel dose-effect functions were obtained for heart rate, blood pressure, Addiction Research Center Inventory scores, Profile of Mood Scales, and subject ratings. A substantial effect on each of these variables was recorded after 8 mg of cocaine. The increase continued and peaked at approximately 16 mg after which it usually leveled off. Ten milligrams of dextroamphetamine generally had an effect comparable to 8 to 16 mg of cocaine.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Cardiovascular/efectos de los fármacos , Cocaína/farmacología , Emociones/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Percepción Auditiva/efectos de los fármacos , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Dextroanfetamina/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , MasculinoAsunto(s)
Conducta , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Animales , Ambiente , Ética Médica , Experimentación Humana , HumanosRESUMEN
Calibration of a standard pigeon box subsequently modified for use as an acoustical chamber in a frequency discrimination experiment revealed that the enclosure was not acoustically "flat". Standing waves were detected at each of the six frequencies measured. To ascertain whether the maximum standing waves recorded (3.0 dB) could serve as an added or alternative cue for pigeons tested in the chamber on a frequency discrimination problem, pure-tone intensity difference thresholds were determined for two pigeons at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 KHz. The results of the experiment indicated that the smallest intensity difference detectable was 10.0 dB, a value that was 7.0 dB above the maximum standing wave measured in the box. These data suggest that the modified pigeon chamber is suitable to test pure-tone frequency discriminations in pigeons in the range of 1.0 to 3.0 KHz.
RESUMEN
The effects of changing signal frequency on a prolonged vigilance task were investigated by systematically increasing the average inter-trial interval between successive signals. During a 6-hr watch, vigilance performance remained constant when the rate of signal presentation was 40, 20, and 10 per hour. When the rate of signal presentation was reduced to 7 or 4 per hour, marked decrements in detection performance were observed. Similar vigilance decrements occurred when the average rate of signals per hour was kept constant (10 per hour) and the probability of receiving a shock for missing a signal was systematically varied. The results of this study indicate the importance of reinforcement factors in the control and maintenance of vigilance performance.
Asunto(s)
Atención , Percepción Visual , Animales , Reacción de Prevención , Conducta Animal , Condicionamiento Operante , Aprendizaje Discriminativo , Electrochoque , Haplorrinos , Luz , Macaca , Refuerzo en PsicologíaRESUMEN
Two rhesus monkeys responded on a fixed-ratio schedule in Stimulus 1 (blue light) to avoid the onset of Stimulus 2 (green light). Failure to avoid Stimulus 2 required a second fixed-ratio performance to avoid Stimulus 3 (red light) in the presence of which unavoidable shock occurred. Relative frequencies of avoidance performance in the blue light and in the green light were inversely related to the ratio requirement under each stimulus condition. Both differential response-cost and avoidance-failure probability factors were related to the observed changes.