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The aim of investigation was to study the morphologic features and morphometric parameters of coronary sinus of the human heart with special reference to age- and gender-dependent differences. 330 hearts of male and female patients, who died at the age of 21-92 years from different reasons, were in studied. The length and width of coronary sinus and its main shape characteristics were analyzed. 57 histological specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, using van-Gieson's and Hart's method. The coronary sinus tunics were described and their thickness was measured. As the result of this study, it was found that both length and width of coronary sinus at the point of its entrance into the right atrium were dependent on the gender of the patients and were larger in males. The width of coronary sinus increased with age in the patients with diseases characterized by predominant loading of the left ventricle. In these patients, conical shape of coronary sinus was present in all the ages. In humans with no diseases of cardiovascular system, the shape of coronary sinus was shown to change with age from cylindrical to conical. The thickness of tunics forming the walls of coronary sinus in this group was independent on gender and age.

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The following terms are used in Russian literature to designate arteries, which carry blood into the brain: brachiocephalic arteries, aortic arch branches, main cerebral arteries (arteries of the head), extra- and intracranial cerebral arteries, precerebral arteries. All terms either have substantial drawbacks or conflict with the adopted anatomical terminology. These discrepancies become far more significant in view of publication of "Terminologia Anatomica" (New York, 1998). We suggest to discuss the possibility to use universal terminology for the designation of the system of the arteries, supplying the brain. We propose to designate truncus brachiocephalicus, common carotid and subclavian arteries, internal carotid and vertebral arteries with their branches including arterial network on the brain surface by the term "the conducting arteries", whereas small branches, which pierce the brain matter are to be named "the penetrating arteries" (T.M. Sundt et al., 1976). Considering the Greek word "encephalon", which means "the brain", all the arteries of the brain could be designated as encephalic, while conducting arteries--as preencephalic, and intracerebral (penetrating) arteries--as intraencephalic.

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Morphological characteristics of spine cervical region were studied in 132 patients (62 female and 70 male) aged 12-76 years using magnetic resonance tomography. The imaging was performed with the use of T1 and T2--weighting regimes. The study revealed sex- and age-dependent differences in the dimensions of cervical vertebrae. Height and sagittal dimensions of vertebral bodies were significantly smaller in females than in males. With advancing age the reduction in vertebral body height was more expressed in women, while the increase of vertebral body sagittal dimensions was similar in both males and females. The sagittal dimension of vertebral canal was correlated with sagittal dimension of vertebral body (r = 0.69) in males and with transverse dimension of vertebral body (r = 0.82) in females. The data obtained should be taken into consideration during evaluation of the state of bony structures of cervical vertebrae, intervertebral discs and in the diagnosis of pathological processes in the spine cervical region.

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To detect the dependence of the dimensions of maxillar and frontal paranasal sinuses on the age, sex, and the skull type in population inhabiting Karelya, 1566 maxillar sinuses and 1404 frontal sinuses were studied in radiographs of practically healthy subjects aged 3-85 years. The correlation between age, sex, dimensions of maxillar and frontal sinuses, and the skull type was established that is revealed in that the latitudinal dimensions of the sinuses prevail in brachiomorphous skull type, while the altitude dimensions are prevalent in dolichomorphous type regardless the sex and age. Total dimensions of maxillar sinuses are larger in dolichomorphous skull type: in males that is especially pronounced for maxillar sinuses, while in females--for frontal sinuses.

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Roentgenographs of 1566 maxillary, 1404 frontal and 131 sphenoid sinuses (a total of 3101 sinuses) belonging to the practically healthy individuals of both sexes aged 3-85 years were studied to reveal the regularities of growth of paranasal sinuses in inhabitants of Karelya. It was established that the dimensions of paranasal sinuses depended upon person's age and gender. The growth of paranasal sinuses in women was completed 1.5-2.0 years earlier than in men. In persons of elderly and senile age there was a secondary increase in sinuses' dimensions, associated with osteoporosis phenomena. In women this secondary increase was more pronounced than in men and started on average 5 years earlier.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of the heart in human fetuses at weeks 18-40 of intrauterine development. The investigation included 2 series of observations: 182 hearts were taken from the fetuses at autopsy, while 58 hearts were studied in living fetuses by ultrasonography of the pregnant women. The following parameters were assessed: heart length and width, atrial and ventricular width, diameter of the aorta. The dimensions of the fetal heart were found to grow in proportion to the gestational age, however the growth of individual heart structures was nonuniform. Both intravital and posthumous investigations have established that in the fetuses of this gestational age the width of the right chambers of the heart prevailed over that of the left chambers.

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2102 roentgenograms of the left manus bones from both sexes subjects with normal health status aged up to 18 were studied to detect peculiarities of skeleton maturity of St. Petersburg inhabitants. TW-2 modified Tanner-Whitehouse method was used. It was demonstrated that children living in St. Petersburg are characterized with the excess of skeletal age over chronological one almost in all age groups, which is maximum typically during first years and minimum by the end of puberty. The process of bone maturity is not successive. Highest growth rate of skeletal maturity were found in prepubescent and puberty. Sex differences established are also noted. Girls were above boys in skeletal age at 7, 8, 9 and 10 years.

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For studying anatomy of the alive human heart, a new method of ultrasonic echography has been used. With its assistance it is possible to see all the cardiac chambers, interventricular and interatrial septa, tricuspidal and mitral valves, their chordae, papillary muscles, myocardium and pericardium. Not only their statics, but also their dynamics are investigated, when the heart contracts and its valves make movements. Owing to this, possibilities for studying cardiac anatomy in the alive people.

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The ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes and circulatory bed has been compared to transmembrane cAMP-dependent Ca2+ transport in experiments on the hearts of 14 dogs immediately after massive blood loss. The results an hour after non-compensatory hemorrhage have shown extra- and intracellular myocardial edema, central destruction of sarcomers, steep increase in the volume of agranular sarcomplasmic reticulum and T-system, different degree of damage of other organoids, and also disturbances in the ultrastructure of venous capillary and postcapillary section. The biochemical techniques used have shown a decrease in Ca2+ transporting ability of sarcolemma due to its AMP-dependent regulation of cardiomyocytes. Excessive Ca2+ storage in cytosole promoted the appearance of "constriction bands" in myofibrils.

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In dogs subjected to gravitational overloadings (+Gx) according to a special training schedule the wall structure of the main arteries (carotid, humeral, femoral and aorta) was studied by histological methods. The amount of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) in the venous blood plasma and in the adrenal tissue was the index of the sympathoadrenal system condition. It was demonstrated that in trained animals the tolerance threshold to continuously increasing overloadings (+Gx) rose. It was accompanied by an elevated amount of catecholamines in blood and the adrenals In the walls of the main arteries studied a moderate hyperelastosis and a slight collagenization of the adventitia was noted. All parts of the microcirculatory bed were moderately dilated, which favoured a better blood outflow. The data obtained demonstrate adaptational changes, which can be interpreted as indices of training and reliability of the organism.

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The structure of the wall of the carotid humeral and femoral arteries and the aorta was studied by histological methods in 260 rabbits under effects of positive longitudinal unendurable stresses, stresses of the training character and hypokinesia. Under study also was the structure of components of the aorta adventitia microcirculatory bed with the impregnation of tissue sections after V.V. Kuprijanov. The reversibility of morphological changes in the wall was studied after effects of the above factors and their different combinations. The experiments have shown the morphological changes in the wall to be of similar type and to consist of hyperelastosis and atrophy of the media under chronic stimuli. In the microcirculatory bed there occurred dilatation of postcapillaries and venules, diapedesic hemorrhages suggesting phenomena of stagnation. All the morphological changes were reversible speaking of great adaptive potentialities of the vascular system.

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Effects of different periods of hypokinesia upon the structure of the main arteries wall and the microcirculatory bed of the aorta adventitia were studied in rabbits by histological methods. It was shown that hypokinesia lasting more than 4 weeks resulted in the atrophy of the medical sheath and dystrophy of the elastic framework in the wall of main arteries. In the microcirculatory bed of the aorta adventitia there occurred blood stagnation, the integrity of the microvessels wall (mainly capillaries, postcapillaries and venules) was broken. The degree of the above morphological changes depends on duration of hypokinesia.

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