RESUMEN
Although numerous factors are associated with attrition in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, many are unmodifiable and therefore difficult to target in efforts to improve treatment outcomes. The current study sought to identify the strongest and most modifiable predictors of attrition in long-term residential SUD treatment from myriad characteristics associated with treatment termination. Archival data were examined for 2,069 adults (74% male; 38% non-Hispanic White) who entered a long-term residential SUD treatment facility between January 2010 and June 2016. Program staff recorded clients' demographic, situational, substance use, and intake data at admission; discharge data were recorded at termination. To increase the likelihood our results were clinically meaningful, we randomly split our sample, ran 2 5-step hierarchical logistic regressions, and cross-validated our results. Across samples, we found younger age, having less than a high school education (Step 1), unstable living arrangements (Step 2), greater prior month use of primary substances, less prior month use of alcohol, and prior year needle use preceding treatment (Step 4), and longer recommended length of stay in treatment (Step 5) predicted attrition. To improve long-term residential SUD treatment completion, we propose treatment adaptations begin with the most modifiable predictors of attrition. Accordingly, the current data indicate initial focus should be placed on refurbishing the process through which recommended treatment durations are approached by providers. Subsequent focus should be placed on modifiable factors that present greater systemic challenges, followed by those that are unmodifiable but can be indirectly targeted by interventions tailored to specific underrepresented groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Asunto(s)
Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Tratamiento Domiciliario/estadística & datos numéricos , Centros de Tratamiento de Abuso de Sustancias/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cooperación del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Pacientes Desistentes del Tratamiento/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
According to terror management theory, people are motivated to protect themselves from the potential for anxiety resulting from awareness of mortality. It was hypothesized that increased concern for future generations, and the symbolic immortality this produces, may be particularly important to older adults when awareness of their mortality is increased. In two studies, older and younger adults' generative concern was examined following mortality or control primes. As hypothesized, older adults' generative concern and preference for pro-social over pro-self generativity were greater following reminders of mortality, whereas neither effect was observed among younger adults. For both studies, age differences were only observed when mortality salience was heightened; older and younger adults' generative concern did not differ in control conditions. Results provide support for the hypothesis that younger and older adults differ in their responses to increased awareness of mortality and suggest that older adults respond to death reminders by adopting a more pro-social generative orientation.
Asunto(s)
Ansiedad/epidemiología , Actitud Frente a la Muerte , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Ansiedad/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
According to terror management theory, people are motivated to protect themselves from the potential for anxiety resulting from awareness of mortality. It was hypothesized that increased concern for future generations, and the symbolic immortality this produces, may be particularly important to older adults when awareness of their mortality is increased. In two studies, older and younger adults' generative concern was examined following mortality or control primes. As hypothesized, older adults' generative concern and preference for pro-social over pro-self generativity were greater following reminders of mortality, whereas neither effect was observed among younger adults. For both studies, age differences were only observed when mortality salience was heightened; older and younger adults' generative concern did not differ in control conditions. Results provide support for the hypothesis that younger and older adults differ in their responses to increased awareness of mortality and suggest that older adults respond to death reminders by adopting a more pro-social generative orientation.
Asunto(s)
Ansiedad/epidemiología , Concienciación , Mortalidad , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neuroticismo , Personalidad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Prior research has examined killing behavior using a paradigm in which participants believe (falsely) that they are killing bugs. This work suggests that killing behavior escalates. In the present study, we sought to replicate the basic escalation effect within-subjects. Further, in doing so, we controlled for experimenter "sanctioning" of killing that may have differed with key between-subjects manipulations in the prior research. To control for this possible confound, the present experiment held experimenter instructions constant and examined whether killing naturally escalated within-subjects across two 12-sec bug-killing tasks. Additionally, to verify that escalation is due to killing per se and not just physical practice of the procedure, we manipulated whether the procedure was described as real killing or simulated killing. Results showed that when participants thought they were killing bugs, the number of bugs put into the grinder increased from the first to the second killing task. No such escalation occurred when participants performed the procedure while knowing the killing was simulated. Thus, killing of bugs escalates and is not simply a consequence of perceived sanctioning of killing by an experimenter or simulated practice of the procedure.
Asunto(s)
Agresión/psicología , Principios Morales , Pruebas Psicológicas , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Four studies investigated whether political allegiance and salience of outgroup membership contribute to the phenomenon of acceptance of false, stigmatizing information (smears) about political candidates. Studies 1-3 were conducted in the month prior to the 2008 U.S. Presidential election and together demonstrated that pre-standing opposition to John McCain or Barack Obama, as well as the situational salience of differentiating social categories (i.e., for Obama, race; for McCain, age), contributed to the implicit activation and explicit endorsement of smearing labels (i.e., Obama is Muslim; McCain is senile). The influence of salient differentiating categories on smear acceptance was particularly pronounced among politically undecided individuals. Study 4 clarified that social category differences heighten smear acceptance, even if the salient category is semantically unrelated to the smearing label, showing that, approximately 1 year after the election, the salience of race amplified belief that Obama is a socialist among undecided people and McCain supporters. Taken together, these findings suggest that, at both implicit and explicit cognitive levels, social category differences and political allegiance contribute to acceptance of smears against political candidates.
Asunto(s)
Política , Propaganda , Estereotipo , Análisis de Varianza , Cognición/fisiología , Señales (Psicología) , Femenino , Procesos de Grupo , Humanos , Masculino , Motivación/fisiología , Prejuicio , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Estudiantes/psicología , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Prior terror management research shows that mortality salience (MS) motivates both self-esteem striving and worldview bolstering. The present research examined these processes in the context of dating preferences. It was hypothesized that in short-term romantic contexts, MS-induced self-esteem striving motivates interest in dating a physically attractive other, whereas in long-term romantic contexts, MS-induced motives for worldview validation heighten interest in dating a same-religion other. Study 1 showed that in a short-term dating context, MS increased preference for an attractive but religiously dissimilar person, whereas in a long-term dating context, MS increased preference for a religiously similar, less attractive person. Study 2 clarified that MS motivates preference for attractive short-term partners for their self-enhancing properties rather than their potential sexual availability. Study 3 supported the theorized processes, showing that under MS, self-esteem-relevant constructs became spontaneously accessible in short-term dating contexts, whereas worldview-relevant constructs became spontaneously accessible in long-term dating contexts.
Asunto(s)
Actitud Frente a la Muerte , Belleza , Cortejo/psicología , Mecanismos de Defensa , Motivación/fisiología , Religión y Psicología , Adolescente , Análisis de Varianza , Femenino , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Masculino , Teoría Psicológica , Autoimagen , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
This article examines how the subjective experiences of "feeling right" from regulatory fit and of "feeling wrong" from regulatory non-fit influence the way people process persuasive messages. Across three studies, incidental experiences of regulatory fit increased reliance on source expertise and decreased resistance to counterpersuasion, whereas incidental experiences of regulatory non-fit increased reliance on argument strength and increased resistance to counterpersuasion. These results suggest that incidental fit and non-fit experiences can produce, respectively, more superficial or more thorough processing of persuasive messages. The mechanisms underlying these effects, and the conditions under which they should and should not be expected, are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Cultura , Control Interno-Externo , Motivación , Comunicación Persuasiva , Identificación Social , Adolescente , Anticipación Genética , Señales (Psicología) , Toma de Decisiones , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Percepción Social , Socialización , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Research on terror management theory (TMT) indicates that reminders of death affect political attitudes, but political orientation only sometimes moderates these effects. We propose that secure relationships are associated with values of tolerance and compassion, thus orienting people toward liberalism; insecure attachments are associated with more rigid and absolutist values that orient people toward conservatism. Given that attachment relationships become especially active when security needs are heightened, we predicted that mortality salience would be an important factor in understanding the relationship between attachment processes and political orientation. Supporting these ideas, Study 1 showed that after a mortality-salience manipulation, securely attached participants increased their support for a liberal presidential candidate, and less securely attached participants increased their support for a conservative presidential candidate. In Study 2, a secure-relationship prime following a mortality-salience manipulation engendered a less violent approach to the problem of terrorism than did a neutral-relationship prime. We discuss the interaction of TMT processes and individual differences in attachment in shaping political preferences.
Asunto(s)
Actitud Frente a la Muerte , Control Interno-Externo , Relaciones Interpersonales , Apego a Objetos , Política , Terrorismo/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Agresión/psicología , Actitud , Señales (Psicología) , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Orientación , Teoría Psicoanalítica , Distribución Aleatoria , Estudiantes/psicologíaRESUMEN
Killing appears to perpetuate itself even in the absence of retaliation. This phenomenon may occur in part as a means to justify prior killing and so ease the threat of prior killing. In addition, this effect should arise particularly when a killer perceives similarity to the victims because similarity should exacerbate threat from killing. To examine these ideas, the authors developed a bug-killing paradigm in which they manipulated the degree of initial bug killing in a "practice task" to observe the effects on subsequent self-paced killing during a timed "extermination task." In Studies 1 and 2, for participants reporting some similarity to bugs, inducing greater initial killing led to more subsequent self-paced killing. In Study 3, after greater initial killing, more subsequent self-paced killing led to more favorable affective change. Implications for understanding lethal human violence are discussed.