RESUMEN
To examine and compare tobacco marketing in 16 countries while the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control requires parties to implement a comprehensive ban on such marketing.METHODS:Between 2009 and 2012, a kilometre-long walk was completed by trained investigators in 462 communities across 16 countries to collect data on tobacco marketing. We interviewed community members about their exposure to traditional and non-traditional marketing in the previous six months. To examine differences in marketing between urban and rural communities and between high-, middle- and low-income countries, we used multilevel regression models controlling for potential confounders.FINDINGS:Compared with high-income countries, the number of tobacco advertisements observed was 81 times higher in low-income countries (incidence rate ratio, IRR: 80.98; 95% confidence interval, CI: 4.15-1578.42) and the number of tobacco outlets was 2.5 times higher in both low- and lower-middle-income countries (IRR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.17-5.67 and IRR: 2.52; CI: 1.23-5.17, respectively). Of the 11,842 interviewees, 1184 (10%) reported seeing at least five types of tobacco marketing. Self-reported exposure to at least one type of traditional marketing was 10 times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries (odds ratio, OR: 9.77; 95% CI: 1.24-76.77). For almost all measures, marketing exposure was significantly lower in the rural communities than in the urban communities.CONCLUSION:Despite global legislation to limit tobacco marketing, it appears ubiquitous. The frequency and type of tobacco marketing varies on the national level by income group and by community type, appearing to be greatest in low-income countries and urban communities.
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Mercadotecnía , Dispositivos para Dejar de Fumar Tabaco , Publicidad de Productos Derivados del Tabaco , NicotianaRESUMEN
AIMS: In the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Trial (ONTARGET), dual agent renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) did not reduce the risk of renal and cardiovascular outcomes compared with the single use of either agent. Dual therapy however increased the incidence of hyperkalemia. We examined risk factors for hyper- and hyokalemia and hypothesized that both would be associated with worse cardiovascular and renal outcomes. METHODS: A post-hoc analysis of the ONTARGET trial comparing dual therapy (ramipril and telmisartan) vs monotherapy (ramipril or telmisartan) was performed. The association between serum potassium at week 6 on cardiovascular and renal outcomes during the 56 months follow-up was assessed by multivariate Cox analysis. The main cardiovascular outcome was the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. The renal outcome was defined as the composite of a doubling of serum creatinine or chronic dialysis. RESULTS: Six weeks after randomization, hyperkalemia developed in 210 (2.7%) patients on dual therapy vs. 264 (1.6%) patients on monotherapy (p < 0.001 vs. dual therapy). Hypokalemia developed in 87 (1.1%) patients on dual therapy vs. 200 (1.2%)patients on monotherapy. Serum potassium was nonlinearly associated with cardiovascular and renal events with a nadir between 4.0-5.0 mmol/l for cardiovascular and 4.0-4.5 mmol/l for renal events such that subjects above or below these values exhibited higher risks. This association was independent of age, gender, diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate, systolic blood pressure and diuretic use. CONCLUSIONS: With the precautions stipulated by the protocol of the ONTARGET trial, hypokalemia and hyperkalemia were infrequent events. Nevertheless, both high and low serum potassium were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease.
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Bloqueadores del Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/efectos adversos , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/efectos adversos , Antihipertensivos/efectos adversos , Bencimidazoles/efectos adversos , Benzoatos/efectos adversos , Hiperpotasemia/inducido químicamente , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipopotasemia/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Renales/etiología , Potasio/sangre , Ramipril/efectos adversos , Anciano , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Creatinina/sangre , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/sangre , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/etiología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/terapia , Hospitalización , Humanos , Hiperpotasemia/sangre , Hiperpotasemia/diagnóstico , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Hipertensión/diagnóstico , Hipertensión/mortalidad , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Hipopotasemia/sangre , Hipopotasemia/diagnóstico , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Renales/sangre , Enfermedades Renales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Renales/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Renales/terapia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Infarto del Miocardio/sangre , Infarto del Miocardio/etiología , Dinámicas no Lineales , Oportunidad Relativa , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Diálisis Renal , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efectos de los fármacos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Accidente Cerebrovascular/sangre , Accidente Cerebrovascular/etiología , Telmisartán , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Trasplante de Riñón/fisiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/mortalidad , Resultado del Embarazo , Embarazo/fisiología , Creatinina/sangre , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Supervivencia de Injerto/fisiología , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Trasplante de Riñón/mortalidad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Singapur/epidemiología , Análisis de Supervivencia , Factores de Tiempo , Insuficiencia del TratamientoRESUMEN
Two groups of college students in Malaysia, ethnic Malay and ethnic Chinese, completed a mental illness attribution and help seeking questionnaire, and these responses were also compared with the responses of their mothers. As expected, ethnic Malays rated religious items, such as God and prayer, higher than the Chinese. However, both groups rated the social and psychological causes higher than religious, supernatural or physical causes. Contrary to our predictions, there were no intergenerational differences among either ethnic group. Medical pluralism was demonstrated, as a variety of apparently contradictory help seeking behaviors received quite high ratings including doctor/pharmacy, prayer, herbal medicine and traditional healers.