RESUMEN
In the article there is considered the substantiation of raise demands to the chemical composition of children's food and indices of their safety, with taking into account the immaturity of metabolic and physiological processes and limitations of "depot" of nutrients in babies. Based on research results of leading experts in the field of children's nutritiology and according to the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius of the Commission of FAO/WHO, ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition, the EFSA recommendations and EUDirectives there were specified requirements for the ingredient composition, content of essential components and indices of the nutritional value of substitutes for human milk and functional products for the nutrition of infants of the first year of life. There are shown stages of the development of the Russian system of hygienic requirements for baby food, and the direction of its harmonization with international and European standards, particularly for substitutes for human milk and products of dietary therapeutic and dietary preventive nutrition for babies. There are considered aspects of the introduction ofproducts and weaning food dishes into the food ration of infants. There is presented the classification ofproducts of children's food and the assortment of each group of weaning foods. There is provided the modern legislative framework in the field of the quality and safety for infant nutrition. There was shown the difference between domestic legislation and regulatory framework of the EurAsEC Customs Union of the European countries in the field offood products safety for children older three years. There are presented proposals on the creation of the single regulatory base within the framework of the EurAsEC Customs Union for control the quality and safety of all the baby foods.
Asunto(s)
Ciencias de la Nutrición del Niño , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , Inocuidad de los Alimentos/métodos , Alimentos Infantiles/normas , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Ciencias de la Nutrición del Niño/métodos , Ciencias de la Nutrición del Niño/normas , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Fórmulas Infantiles/normas , Necesidades Nutricionales/fisiología , Control de Calidad , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
In article there are presented data on hypersensibility of children to the action of contaminants and caused by it the increased requirements to hygienic safety of products of baby food. Data on the main indices of safety, of such products, regulated by hygiene legislative requirements are provided. The system of hygienic expertise of baby food products, including the offered screening methods of studying of indices of quality and safety is considered.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Alimentos Infantiles/normas , Humanos , Lactante , Legislación Alimentaria , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
Malonic dyaldehyde (MDA) and transferrin (TF) content and total antioxidant activity (AOA) were measured in blood of pregnant women with normal pregnancy (27 women) and preeclamptic pregnancy (46 women) at different pregnancy stages (17-28, 29-34 and 35-40 weeks of pregnancy). It was shown that in normal pregnancy AOA increased from 24 weeks of pregnancy with a maximum at 30 weeks, while MDA level did not change significantly through all time of pregnancy. On the contrary, in preeclamptic pregnancy blood AOA did not change significantly, while MDA content increased at the 26-34 weeks of pregnancy with a maximum at 30-34 weeks of pregnancy. Blood TF content in normal pregnancy increased during pregnancy development with a maximum at 30-34 weeks, while in preeclamptic pregnancy TF changed only a little. These data show the important role of TF in the AOA blood status formation in normal pregnancy, and great pathogenetic role of the absence of such an increase of TF at preeclamptic pregnancy in AOA impairment at this condition. Eiconol (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate from north fish oil) intake by preeclamptic pregnant women drastically decreased blood MDA level (1,5-2 times compared to the women that did not receive eiconol), especially at 29-34 week of gestation. Blood AOA, that was decreased at preeclampsia increased under influence of eiconol intake at all pregnancy stages studied. Eiconol intake greatly increased also the TF blood content that was decreased at preeclampsia. It is supposed that eiconol ability to increase AOA may be explained by its capacity to increase the level of TF--one of the most important compounds of serum blood antioxidant system.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/uso terapéutico , Aceites de Pescado/uso terapéutico , Malondialdehído/sangre , Preeclampsia/sangre , Preeclampsia/tratamiento farmacológico , Transferrina/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Activity of cathepsins B and C was increased 1.8-2-fold in spleen simultaneously with a decrease 3.8-fold in the rate of protein renewal in the tissue lysosomal fraction within 4 days after antigen stimulation of rats, maintained within 45 days on a diet containing 5% of protein. Activation of these thiol-dependent proteinases appears to occur in response to development of immunodepressive conditions and may be related to alterations in the rate of their biosynthesis.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos/inmunología , Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Lisosomas/enzimología , Deficiencia de Proteína/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Animales , Catepsina B/metabolismo , Catepsina C , Dipeptidil-Peptidasas y Tripeptidil-Peptidasas/metabolismo , Semivida , Inmunización , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Bazo/metabolismo , Fracciones Subcelulares/análisis , Timo/metabolismoRESUMEN
Activity of cathepsins A, B, C and D and protein half-life T1/2 in rat liver, spleen and thymus tissues, content of antibody-producing cells in spleen, titer of antibodies and the complement activity were studied after antigen stimulation accompanied by vitamin B6 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B6 caused a distinct decrease in immune response and in activation of thiol-dependent proteinases in thymus, while the enzymatic activity was lowered in liver tissue. At the same time, the protein T1/2 was increased by 39% in liver tissue and decreased by 36% in thymus. These data suggest the importance of lysosomal thiol-dependent proteinases in immunogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Inmunización , Lisosomas/enzimología , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 6/enzimología , Animales , Células Productoras de Anticuerpos/inmunología , Proteínas del Sistema Complemento/análisis , Semivida , Hígado/enzimología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Bazo/enzimología , Timo/enzimología , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 6/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Antigenic stimulation (AS) inhibited cathepsin A and D activation in the liver induced by fasting. AS after short-term fasting (4 days) induced the activation increase in the most of lysosomal proteinases by 20-80% in the spleen and thymus, while AS of animals, upon 6- and 8-day fasting depressed the activation of all the investigated lysosomal hydrolases (cathepsin A, B, C, D and arylsulphatases A and B) and decreased the total protein half-life. The revealed peculiarities in the lysosomal proteolytic system function and intensified protein turnover in lymphoid organs may reflect the general reaction of the organism, directed towards the maintenance of immunological homeostasis and, in particular, towards antibody production.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos/inmunología , Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Ayuno , Inmunización , Hígado/metabolismo , Lisosomas/enzimología , Proteínas/metabolismo , Bazo/metabolismo , Timo/metabolismo , Animales , Células Productoras de Anticuerpos/inmunología , Antígenos/administración & dosificación , Semivida , Hígado/inmunología , Lisosomas/inmunología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Bazo/inmunología , Timo/inmunología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Total activity of cathepsins A, B, C, D as well as of arylsulfatases A and B were studied in liver, spleen, thymus tissues of rats after peroral administration of vitamin A at a daily dose of 30,000 IU within 3 days and the following immunization with sheep erythrocytes. Under conditions of immunization with T-dependent antigen the immunostimulating effect of vitamin A was accompanied by the distinct activation of lysosomal proteinases in liver and spleen tissues but did not affect the functional state of thymocyte lysosomal apparatus. The reaction of lysosomal hydrolases observed was considered as one of biochemical steps in development of humoral immunity.
Asunto(s)
Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Inmunización , Lisosomas/enzimología , Vitamina A/farmacología , Animales , Formación de Anticuerpos/efectos de los fármacos , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/enzimología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Bazo/enzimología , Bazo/inmunología , Timo/enzimología , Timo/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The findings are presented characterizing the immunologic status of peptic ulcer patients during dietetic treatment. The immunologic shifts detected on admission to hospital (increased reactivity of T cells to specific antigen, immunoglobulin imbalance, changed concentrations of some complement components in the blood serum) were found to normalize under the effect of diets. The authors consider that dietetic treatment should be an obligatory component of the comprehensive management of peptic ulcer patients.
Asunto(s)
Úlcera Duodenal/inmunología , Úlcera Gástrica/inmunología , Adulto , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Proteínas del Sistema Complemento/análisis , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Úlcera Duodenal/dietoterapia , Células HeLa/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Inmunoglobulinas/análisis , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fitohemaglutininas/farmacología , Úlcera Gástrica/dietoterapia , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Eight male volunteers were examined for the functions of T and B lymphocytes (blast transformation reaction, leukocyte migration inhibition test, lymphocyte cytotoxicity, suppressor activity, measurement of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE in blood serum, and concentration of natural staphylococcal antibodies) in the background of varying protein supply of the body. Reduction of the protein quota (5 to 9 g/day according to nitrogen) in the diet led to inhibition of the activity of immunocompetent cells.