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BACKGROUND: Steroid-refractory acute graft-vs.-host disease (SR-aGVHD) is a complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with a dismal prognosis and for which there is no consensus-based second-line therapy. Ruxolitinib is not easily accessible in many countries. A possible therapy is the administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). METHODS: In this retrospective study, 52 patients with severe SR-aGVHD were treated with MSCs from umbilical cord (UC-MSCs) in nine institutions. RESULTS: The median (range) age was 12.5 (0.3-65) years and the mean ± SD dose (×106/kg) was 4.73 ± 1.3 per infusion (median of four infusions). Overall (OR) and complete response (CR) rates on day 28 were 63.5% and 36.6%, respectively. Children (n = 35) had better OR (71.5% vs. 47.1%, p = 0.12), CR (48.6% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.03), overall survival (p = 0.0006), and relapse-free survival (p = 0.0014) than adults (n = 17). Acute adverse events (all of them mild or moderate) were detected in 32.7% of patients, with no significant difference in children and adult groups (p = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: UC-MSCs are a feasible alternative therapy for SR-aGVHD, especially in children. The safety profile is favorable.

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INTRODUCTION: Umbilical cord blood is an alternative source of hematopoietic progenitor cells for bone marrow transplantation; however, it is associated with a higher graft failure rate. The presence of a high rate of nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) seems to be related to a greater capacity for engraftment, although is also associated with fetal distress conditions. We analyzed the correlation of the NRBC with quality parameters and its association with the utilization score of a cord blood unit. STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD: Data of 3346 units collected in a public cord blood bank from May 2010 to December 2017 were analyzed, retrospectively, to identify factors associated with an increased number of nucleated red blood cells and its correlation with the engraftment capacity measured through total nucleated cells (TNCs) and CD34 positive cells. We also evaluated the utilization score of these units and identified an NRBC cutoff associated with a higher score. RESULTS: The median volume collected was 104 mL (42-255), the pre-processing TNC count was 144.77 × 107 (95.46-477.18), the post-processing TNC count was 119.44 × 107 (42.7-477.18), the CD34 count was 4.67 × 106 (0.31-48.01), the NRBC count was 5 (0-202) and the utilization score was 0.0228 (0.00143-0.9740). The NRBC showed a correlation with the collected volume, TNC and CD34 positive cells and a higher utilization score and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified the five NRBC/100 leukocytes cutoff that correlates better with the probability of use. No association with pathological conditions and the NRBC rate was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The NRBC is a feasible parameter for the screening of the cord blood unit (CBU) and the minimum cutoff of five NRBC/100 leukocytes can be a strategy in conjunction with the TNC to identify better units for cord blood bank sustainability.

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To describe a case of autologous chondrocyte implantation after cell culture contamination by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and the measures taken to successfully complete cell therapy in a patient with focal chondral lesion. A 45-year-old male patient, complaining of chronic pain on the knee and no history of trauma. He had a chondral lesion in the trochlear region of the femur and clinical tests compatible with pain in the anterior compartment of the knee. Conservative treatment failed to alleviate symptoms. Surgical treatment was indicated, but due to the size of the lesion, membrane-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation was the technique of choice. Cartilage biopsies were collected from the intercondylar region of the distal femur. After isolation, chondrocytes were expanded ex vivo in a trained laboratory, for three weeks, and seeded onto a commercially available collagen membrane prior to implantation in the knee. Two days before surgery, a cell culture sample tested positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The source of contamination was found to be autologous blood serum, extracted from the patient´s peripheral vein, and used to supplement the cell culture medium. After treating the patient with antibiotics, all procedures were repeated and the new final cell product, free from contaminants, was successfully implanted. We discuss the strategies available to deal with this situation, and describe the results of this particular case, which led to modifications in the autologous chondrocyte implant protocol.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the association of red blood cell distribution width with acute kidney injury in sepsis. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 849 critically ill patients with sepsis in intensive care unit. Demographic data, renal function, inflammation, complete blood count, and acid-base parameters were compared between acute kidney injury and non-acute kidney injury groups. Therefore, a multivariate analysis was performed to observe independent predictive factors. RESULTS: Comparatively, higher levels of C-reactive protein, lactate, red blood cell distribution width, and Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 were found in the acute kidney injury group. The study showed a higher frequency of women, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, platelets, bicarbonate and PaO2/FiO2 ratio in the non-acute kidney injury group. In addition, there was an independent association of comorbidity-chronic kidney disease [OR 3.549, 95%CI: 1.627-7.743; p<0.001], urea [OR 1.047, 95%CI: 1.036-1.058; p<0.001] and RDW [OR 1.158, 95%CI: 1.045-1.283; p=0.005] with acute kidney injury in sepsis patients. CONCLUSION: As an elective risk factor, red blood cell distribution width was independently associated with sepsis-related acute kidney injury. Thus, red blood cell distribution width acts like a predictive factor for sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in intensive care unit admission.

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OBJECTIVE: Phase 1 clinical trial to determine feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a new advanced cell therapy product for treatment of knee articular cartilage injuries. METHODS: Three participants with knee focal chondral lesions were included, with no signs of osteoarthritis. Chondrocytes were obtained through knee arthroscopy, cultured in collagen membrane for 3 weeks at the laboratory, subjected to tests to release the cell therapy product, and implanted. All patients underwent a specific 3-month rehabilitation protocol, followed by assessments using functional and imaging scales. The main outcome was the incidence of severe adverse events. RESULTS: Three participants were included and completed the 2-year follow-up. There was one severe adverse event, venous thrombosis of distal leg veins, which was no associated with therapy, was treated and left no sequelae. The clinical and radiological scales showed improvement in the three cases. CONCLUSION: The preliminary results, obtained with the described methodology, allow concluding that this product of advanced cell therapy is safe and feasible. ReBEC platform registration number: RBR-6fgy76.

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ABSTRACT Objective Phase 1 clinical trial to determine feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a new advanced cell therapy product for treatment of knee articular cartilage injuries. Methods Three participants with knee focal chondral lesions were included, with no signs of osteoarthritis. Chondrocytes were obtained through knee arthroscopy, cultured in collagen membrane for 3 weeks at the laboratory, subjected to tests to release the cell therapy product, and implanted. All patients underwent a specific 3-month rehabilitation protocol, followed by assessments using functional and imaging scales. The main outcome was the incidence of severe adverse events. Results Three participants were included and completed the 2-year follow-up. There was one severe adverse event, venous thrombosis of distal leg veins, which was no associated with therapy, was treated and left no sequelae. The clinical and radiological scales showed improvement in the three cases. Conclusion The preliminary results, obtained with the described methodology, allow concluding that this product of advanced cell therapy is safe and feasible. ReBEC platform registration number: RBR-6fgy76

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ABSTRACT Objective The objective of the present study is to evaluate the association of red blood cell distribution width with acute kidney injury in sepsis. Methods This is a retrospective study of 849 critically ill patients with sepsis in intensive care unit. Demographic data, renal function, inflammation, complete blood count, and acid-base parameters were compared between acute kidney injury and non-acute kidney injury groups. Therefore, a multivariate analysis was performed to observe independent predictive factors. Results Comparatively, higher levels of C-reactive protein, lactate, red blood cell distribution width, and Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 were found in the acute kidney injury group. The study showed a higher frequency of women, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, platelets, bicarbonate and PaO2/FiO2 ratio in the non-acute kidney injury group. In addition, there was an independent association of comorbidity-chronic kidney disease [OR 3.549, 95%CI: 1.627-7.743; p<0.001], urea [OR 1.047, 95%CI: 1.036-1.058; p<0.001] and RDW [OR 1.158, 95%CI: 1.045-1.283; p=0.005] with acute kidney injury in sepsis patients. Conclusion As an elective risk factor, red blood cell distribution width was independently associated with sepsis-related acute kidney injury. Thus, red blood cell distribution width acts like a predictive factor for sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in intensive care unit admission.

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ABSTRACT To describe a case of autologous chondrocyte implantation after cell culture contamination by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and the measures taken to successfully complete cell therapy in a patient with focal chondral lesion. A 45-year-old male patient, complaining of chronic pain on the knee and no history of trauma. He had a chondral lesion in the trochlear region of the femur and clinical tests compatible with pain in the anterior compartment of the knee. Conservative treatment failed to alleviate symptoms. Surgical treatment was indicated, but due to the size of the lesion, membrane-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation was the technique of choice. Cartilage biopsies were collected from the intercondylar region of the distal femur. After isolation, chondrocytes were expanded ex vivo in a trained laboratory, for three weeks, and seeded onto a commercially available collagen membrane prior to implantation in the knee. Two days before surgery, a cell culture sample tested positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The source of contamination was found to be autologous blood serum, extracted from the patient´s peripheral vein, and used to supplement the cell culture medium. After treating the patient with antibiotics, all procedures were repeated and the new final cell product, free from contaminants, was successfully implanted. We discuss the strategies available to deal with this situation, and describe the results of this particular case, which led to modifications in the autologous chondrocyte implant protocol.

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BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely tested for their therapeutic efficacy in the ischemic brain and have been shown to provide several benefits. A major obstacle to the clinical translation of these therapies has been the inability to noninvasively monitor the best route, cell doses, and collateral effects while ensuring the survival and effective biological functioning of the transplanted stem cells. Technological advances in multimodal imaging have allowed in vivo monitoring of the biodistribution and viability of transplanted stem cells due to a combination of imaging technologies associated with multimodal nanoparticles (MNPs) using new labels and covers to achieve low toxicity and longtime residence in cells. AIM: To evaluate the sensitivity of triple-modal imaging of stem cells labeled with MNPs and applied in a stroke model. METHODS: After the isolation and immunophenotypic characterization of human bone marrow MSCs (hBM-MSCs), our team carried out lentiviral transduction of these cells for the evaluation of bioluminescent images (BLIs) in vitro and in vivo. In addition, MNPs that were previously characterized (regarding hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, and optical properties), and were used to label these cells, analyze cell viability via the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and BLI analysis, and quantify the internalization process and iron load in different concentrations of MNPs via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In in vivo analyses, the same labeled cells were implanted in a sham group and a stroke group at different times and under different MNP concentrations (after 4 h or 6 d of cell implantation) to evaluate the sensitivity of triple-modal images. RESULTS: hBM-MSC collection and isolation after immunophenotypic characterization were demonstrated to be adequate in hBM samples. After transduction of these cells with luciferase (hBM-MSCLuc), we detected a maximum BLI intensity of 2.0 x 108 photons/s in samples of 106 hBM-MSCs. Analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of the MNPs showed an average hydrodynamic diameter of 38.2 ± 0.5 nm, zeta potential of 29.2 ± 1.9 mV and adequate colloidal stability without agglomeration over 18 h. The signal of iron load internalization in hBM-MSCLuc showed a close relationship with the corresponding MNP-labeling concentrations based on MRI, ICP-MS and NIRF. Under the highest MNP concentration, cellular viability showed a reduction of less than 10% compared to the control. Correlation analysis of the MNP load internalized into hBM-MSCLuc determined via the MRI, ICP-MS and NIRF techniques showed the same correlation coefficient of 0.99. Evaluation of the BLI, NIRF, and MRI signals in vivo and ex vivo after labeled hBM-MSCLuc were implanted into animals showed differences between different MNP concentrations and signals associated with different techniques (MRI and NIRF; 5 and 20 µg Fe/mL; P < 0.05) in the sham groups at 4 h as well as a time effect (4 h and 6 d; P < 0.001) and differences between the sham and stroke groups in all images signals (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study highlighted the importance of quantifying MNPs internalized into cells and the efficacy of signal detection under the triple-image modality in a stroke model.

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Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only treatment that enhances survival and stabilizes neurologic symptoms in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) with cerebral involvement, a severe demyelinating disease of childhood. Patients with X-ALD who lack a well-matched HLA donor need a rapid alternative. Haploidentical HSCT using post transplant cyclophosphamide (PT/Cy) has been performed in patients with malignant and nonmalignant diseases showing similar outcomes compared to other alternative sources. We describe the outcomes of transplants performed for nine X-ALD patients using haploidentical donors and PT/Cy. Patients received conditioning regimen with fludarabine 150 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 29 mg/kg and 2 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) with or without antithymocyte globulin. Graft-vs.-host disease prophylaxis consisted of cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg/day on days +3 and +4, tacrolimus or cyclosporine A and mycophenolate mofetil. One patient had a primary graft failure and was not eligible for a second transplant. Three patients had secondary graft failure and were successfully rescued with second haploidentical transplants. Trying to improve engraftment, conditioning regimen was changed, substituting 2 Gy TBI for 4 Gy total lymphoid irradiation. Eight patients are alive and engrafted (17-37 months after transplant). Haploidentical HSCT with PT/Cy is a feasible alternative for X-ALD patients lacking a suitable matched donor. Graft failure has to be addressed in further studies.

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Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is a serious disease, in which the mother produces antibodies against fetal platelet antigens inherited from the father; it is still an underdiagnosed disease. This disease is considered the platelet counterpart of the RhD hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, yet in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia the first child is affected with fetal and/or neonatal thrombocytopenia. There is a significant risk of intracranial hemorrhage and severe neurological impairment, with a tendency for earlier and more severe thrombocytopenia in subsequent pregnancies. This article reports a case of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in the second pregnancy affected and discusses diagnosis, management and the clinical importance of this disease.

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Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is a serious disease, in which the mother produces antibodies against fetal platelet antigens inherited from the father; it is still an underdiagnosed disease. This disease is considered the platelet counterpart of the RhD hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, yet in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia the first child is affected with fetal and/or neonatal thrombocytopenia. There is a significant risk of intracranial hemorrhage and severe neurological impairment, with a tendency for earlier and more severe thrombocytopenia in subsequent pregnancies. This article reports a case of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in the second pregnancy affected and discusses diagnosis, management and the clinical importance of this disease.

A púrpura trombocitopênica neonatal aloimune é uma doença grave, na qual a mãe produz anticorpos contra antígenos plaquetários fetais herdados do pai, e é ainda subdiagnosticada na prática clínica. É considerada o equivalente plaquetário da doença hemolítica do recém-nascido, com a diferença que o primeiro filho é afetado, apresentando trombocitopenia fetal e/ou neonatal. Há risco significativo de hemorragia intracraniana e sequelas neurológicas graves, com tendência a trombocitopenia mais grave e mais precoce nas gestações subsequentes. Este artigo relata um caso de trombocitopenia aloimune neonatal na segunda gestação afetada e discute diagnóstico, manejo e importância clínica dessa doença na prática clínica.

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OBJETIVO: Comparar as células-tronco mesenquimais humanas obtidas de filtros de coleta reutilizáveis àquelas coletadas em filtros descartáveis e caracterizá-las utilizando os critérios da International Society for Cellular Therapy. MÉTODOS: Foram isoladas células-tronco mesenquimais humanas de kits de coleta de medula óssea reutilizáveis e descartáveis, pela lavagem dos filtros com meio de cultura. As células isoladas foram caracterizadas de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos pela International Society for Cellular Therapy, por meio das técnicas de citometria de fluxo, diferenciação in vitro e citoquímica. RESULTADOS: As amostras foram obtidas de filtro descartável (n=3) e reutilizável (n=3). Todas as amostras obtidas de filtros descartáveis produziram células-tronco mesenquimais, e todas as células-tronco mesenquimais humanas derivadas de medula óssea preencheram os critérios estabelecidos pela International Society for Cellular Therapy. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostrou que as células-tronco mesenquimais também podem ser obtidas de kits de coleta reutilizáveis (que permanecem em uso em vários centros, no mundo inteiro), para serem empregadas em pesquisa como uma fonte alternativa e ética.

OBJECTIVE: To compare human mesenchymal stem cells obtained from reusable and disposable filters and to characterize them according to the criteria of the International Society of Cellular Therapy. METHODS: Human mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from bone marrow collection reusable sets and compared with those obtained from disposable sets by washing the filters with cell culture media. The isolated cells were characterized according to the criteria of the International Society of Cellular Therapy using flow cytometry, differentiation in vitro, and cytochemistry techniques. RESULTS: Samples were obtained from disposable (n=3) and from reusable collection sets (n=3). All samples obtained from bone marrow disposable sets successfully produced mesenchymal stem cells. All bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells were characterized and fulfilled the criteria established by International Society of Cellular Therapy. CONCLUSION: This study showed that mesenchymal stem cells can also be obtained from reusable collection sets (which are still used in several centers around the world) to be employed in research as an alternative and ethical source.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare human mesenchymal stem cells obtained from reusable and disposable filters and to characterize them according to the criteria of the International Society of Cellular Therapy. METHODS: Human mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from bone marrow collection reusable sets and compared with those obtained from disposable sets by washing the filters with cell culture media. The isolated cells were characterized according to the criteria of the International Society of Cellular Therapy using flow cytometry, differentiation in vitro, and cytochemistry techniques. RESULTS: Samples were obtained from disposable (n=3) and from reusable collection sets (n=3). All samples obtained from bone marrow disposable sets successfully produced mesenchymal stem cells. All bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells were characterized and fulfilled the criteria established by International Society of Cellular Therapy. CONCLUSION: This study showed that mesenchymal stem cells can also be obtained from reusable collection sets (which are still used in several centers around the world) to be employed in research as an alternative and ethical source.

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Objective: To evaluate factors affecting peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell yield in patients undergoing large-volume leukapheresis for autologous peripheral blood stem cell collection. Methods: Data from 304 consecutive autologous peripheral blood stem cell donors mobilized with hematopoietic growth factor (usually G-CSF), associated or not with chemotherapy, at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein between February 1999 and June 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. The objective was to obtain at least 2 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg of body weight. Pre-mobilization factors analyzed included patient?s age, gender and diagnosis. Post mobilization parameters evaluated were pre-apheresis peripheral white blood cell count, immature circulating cell count, mononuclear cell count, peripheral blood CD34+ cell count, platelet count, and hemoglobin level. The effect of pre and post-mobilization factors on hematopoietic stem cell collection yield was investigated using logistic regression analysis (univariate and multivariate approaches). Results: Premobilization factors correlating to poor CD34+ cell yield in univariate analysis were acute myeloid leukemia (p = 0.017) and other hematological diseases (p = 0.023). Significant post-mobilization factors included peripheral blood immature circulating cells (p = 0.001), granulocytes (p = 0.002), hemoglobin level (p = 0.016), and CD34+ cell concentration (p < 0.001) in the first harvesting day. However, according to multivariate analysis, peripheral blood CD34+ cell content (p < 0.001) was the only independentfactor that significantly correlated to poor hematopoietic stem cell yield. Conclusion: In this study, peripheral blood CD34+ cell concentration was the only factor significantly correlated to yield in patients submitted to for autologous collection.

Objetivo: Avaliar fatores que afetam o rendimento da coleta em pacientes submetidos à leucaférese de grande volume para obtenção de células-tronco hematopoiéticas do sangue periférico para autotransplante. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de 304 doadores de células-tronco hematopoiéticas de sangue periférico para autotransplante submetidos à mobilização com fator de crescimento hematopoiético (geralmente G-CSF), associado ou não à quimioterapia, no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein de Fevereiro de 1999 a Junho de 2010. O objetivo da coleta foi obter pelo menos 2x106 CD34+ células/kg peso. Os fatores pré-mobilização incluíam idade, sexo e diagnóstico do paciente. Os parâmetros pós-mobilização avaliados foram contagem de leucócitos, células imaturas, células mononucleares e células CD34+, plaquetas e nível de hemoglobina no sangue periférico. O efeito desses fatores no rendimento da coleta de CTH foi investigado por meio de regressão logística (análise univariada e multivariada). Resultados: A análise univariada revelou os seguintes fatores pré-mobilização estatisticamente significantes: diagnóstico de leucemia mieloide aguda (p = 0,017) e outras doenças hematológicas (p = 0,023), células imaturas circulantes (p = 0,001), granulócitos (p = 0,002), nível de hemoglobina (p = 0,016) e contagem de células CD34+ (p <0,001) no primeiro dia de coleta. Entretanto, só a contagem de células CD34+ no sangue periférico manteve-se associada de forma significante ao rendimento ruim da coleta de células-tronco hematopoiéticas na análise multivariada. Conclusão: Neste estudo, a contagem de células CD34+ no sangue periférico foi o único fator significantemente associado ao rendimento da coleta de células-tronco hematopoiéticas com leucaférese de grande volume para autotransplante.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors affecting peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell yield in patients undergoing large-volume leukapheresis for autologous peripheral blood stem cell collection. METHODS: Data from 304 consecutive autologous peripheral blood stem cell donors mobilized with hematopoietic growth factor (usually G-CSF), associated or not with chemotherapy, at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein between February 1999 and June 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. The objective was to obtain at least 2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg of body weight. Pre-mobilization factors analyzed included patient's age, gender and diagnosis. Post mobilization parameters evaluated were pre-apheresis peripheral white blood cell count, immature circulating cell count, mononuclear cell count, peripheral blood CD34+ cell count, platelet count, and hemoglobin level. The effect of pre and post-mobilization factors on hematopoietic stem cell collection yield was investigated using logistic regression analysis (univariate and multivariate approaches). RESULTS: Pre-mobilization factors correlating to poor CD34 + cell yield in univariate analysis were acute myeloid leukemia (p = 0.017) and other hematological diseases (p = 0.023). Significant post-mobilization factors included peripheral blood immature circulating cells (p = 0.001), granulocytes (p = 0.002), hemoglobin level (p = 0.016), and CD34+ cell concentration (p < 0.001) in the first harvesting day. However, according to multivariate analysis, peripheral blood CD34+ cell content (p < 0.001) was the only independent factor that significantly correlated to poor hematopoietic stem cell yield. CONCLUSION: In this study, peripheral blood CD34+ cell concentration was the only factor significantly correlated to yield in patients submitted to for autologous collection.

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UNLABELLED: Background Associations between aplastic anemia and numerous drugs, pesticides and chemicals have been reported. However, at least 50% of the etiology of aplastic anemia remains unexplained. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a case-control, multicenter, multinational study, designed to identify risk factors for agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia. The cases were patients with diagnosis of aplastic anemia confirmed through biopsy or bone marrow aspiration, selected through an active search of clinical laboratories, hematology clinics and medical records. The controls did not have either aplastic anemia or chronic diseases. A total of 224 patients with aplastic anemia were included in the study, each case was paired with four controls, according to sex, age group, and hospital where the case was first seen. Information was collected on demographic data, medical history, laboratory tests, medications, and other potential risk factors prior to diagnosis. RESULTS: The incidence of aplastic anemia was 1.6 cases per million per year. Higher rates of benzene exposure (>/=30 exposures per year) were associated with a greater risk of aplastic anemia (odds ratio, OR: 4.2; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.82-9.82). Individuals exposed to chloramphenicol in the previous year had an adjusted OR for aplastic anemia of 8.7 (CI: 0.87-87.93) and those exposed to azithromycin had an adjusted OR of 11.02 (CI 1.14-108.02). Conclusions The incidence of aplastic anemia in Latin America countries is low. Although the research study centers had a high coverage of health services, the underreporting of cases of aplastic anemia in selected regions can be discussed. Frequent exposure to benzene-based products increases the risk for aplastic anemia. Few associations with specific drugs were found, and it is likely that some of these were due to chance alone.

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