RESUMEN

The combinations of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) are used as first-line treatments for uncomplicated malaria in the Ivory Coast. Different studies document the efficacy of two artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) (AL and ASAQ) in the Ivory Coast. However, there is no meta-analysis examining the data set of these studies. The purpose of this work was to determine the prevalence of malaria treatment failure cases in randomized control trials with two artemisinin-based combination therapies (AL versus ASAQ) in the Ivory Coast between 2009 to 2016. This study is a meta-analysis of data from the results of four previous multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial studies evaluating the clinical and parasitological efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine conducted between 2009 and 2016 following World Health Organization (WHO) protocol at sentinel sites in the Ivory Coast. These drug efficacy data collected between 2009 and 2016 were analyzed. During these studies, to distinguish between recrudescence and new infection, molecular genotyping of genes encoding merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 was carried out using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 1575 patients enrolled in the four studies, including 768 in the AL arm and 762 in the ASAQ arm, which were fully followed either for 28 days or 42 days according to WHO protocol. The adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) was higher than 95% in the two groups (intention to treat (ITT): AL = 96.59% and ASAQ = 96.81; Per Protocol (PP): AL = 99.48% and ASAQ = 99.61%) after PCR correction at day 28. Aggregate data analysis (2009-2016) showed that at day 28, the proportions of patients with recurrent infection was higher in the AL group (ITT: 3.79%, PP: 3.9%) than in the ASAQ group (ITT: 2.17%, PP: 2.23%). After PCR correction, most treatment failures were classified as new infections (AL group (ITT: 0.13%, PP: 0.13%); ASAQ group (ITT: 0.39%, PP: 0.39%). The recrudescent infections rate was high, at 0.39% compared to 0.13% for ASAQ and AL, respectively, for both ITT and PP, no significant difference. However, the Kaplan-Meier curve of cumulative treatment success showed a significant difference between the two groups after PCR from 2012-2013 (p = 0.032). Overall, ASAQ and AL have been shown to be effective drugs for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in the study areas, 14 years after deployment of these drugs.

RESUMEN

Malaria remains a major public health issue for pregnant women. Côte d'Ivoire has adopted a series of measures aimed at combatting this plague, and these measures include administering Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) as an intermittent preventive treatment to pregnant women in the second and third terms.This cross-sectional study included a parturient population after informed written consent. We recruited women from the Terre Rouge maternity ward and the labor room of the Regional Medical Center of San-Pedro. Plasmodial DNA (desoxyribo nucleic acid) was extracted from Whatman filter papers with dried blood samples prepared from the venous, placental, and cord blood, utilizing Chelex 100. The extracts obtained were amplified by nested PCR.In all, 197 women were included, with an average age of 27-year-old (sd = 6.7 years old). The rates of the placental, venous and cord blood infections were 16, 2%, 15, 2% and 3, 6%, respectively. The women who took three doses of ITP were less infected at the cord (3, 2%), placental (10,6%) and venous level (13,8%). A statistically significant relationship between the number of doses and the rate of placental infection was established (p = 0.042). IPT reduces plasmodial infestation at the placental (OR = 0.4; CI = [0.2-1]), cord (OR = 0.8; CI = [0.2-3.7]) and venous (OR = 0.8; CI = [0.6-2.3]) level.In conclusion, the low frequency of placental, venous, and cord infestation in pregnant women who consistently followed a preventive treatment strategy clearly showed the efficiency of IPT against malaria during pregnancy.

Asunto(s)

Antimaláricos , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo , Pirimetamina , Sulfadoxina , Adulto , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Humanos , Placenta , Embarazo , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/prevención & control , Mujeres Embarazadas , Pirimetamina/uso terapéutico , Sulfadoxina/uso terapéutico , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to update efficacy data of Artesunate-Amodiaquine (AS+AQ) and Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) used as first-line malaria treatment in Côte d'Ivoire since 2005. This was an open-label, randomized trial conducted in patients older than 6 months with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria at six sentinel sites. The WHO 2009 protocol on surveillance of anti-malaria drug efficacy was used with primary outcomes as ACPR corrected by PCR at day 42. Secondary endpoints were parasite and fever clearance times and safety. From January to July 2016, 712 patients were included in the trial. 353 and 359 patients were randomly assigned respectively to the AS+AQ and AL arm. Day 42 PCR-adjusted ACPR in the per-protocol analysis was 99.4% and 98.8% in AS+AQ and AL arm respectively. Delayed parasite clearance was observed in six patients at Abidjan and Yamousssoukro sites. Both ACTs were well tolerated. Both ACTs remain efficacious for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria treatment in Côte d'Ivoire. But regarding delayed parasite clearance observed in this study, a close monitoring and supervision for ACT resistance are essential for future malaria treatment and control strategies in Côte d'Ivoire.

Asunto(s)

Antimaláricos , Artemisininas , Malaria Falciparum , Malaria , Amodiaquina/uso terapéutico , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Arteméter/uso terapéutico , Combinación Arteméter y Lumefantrina/uso terapéutico , Artemisininas/uso terapéutico , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Combinación de Medicamentos , Etanolaminas/uso terapéutico , Fluorenos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Lactante , Malaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria/epidemiología , Malaria Falciparum/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiology of these disorders, mainly caused by mycosis, is little known in the Ivory Coast. The aim of this study was to determine the different clinical aspects of intertrigos caused by fungal infections. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Department of Clinical Dermatology at the University Hospital in Yopougon (Abidjan, Ivory Coast) from April to October 2012. The study involved the patients come to consultation with lesions in the folds suggesting a mycosis. Samples of serous fluid by swabbing or of scales by scrape cutting with the scalpel blade were performed at the level of the lesions. The fungal agents responsible for these lesions were identified after biological culture. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients had lesions suggesting intertrigo caused by fungal infection. The average age of patients was 29.8 years (with a standard deviation of 11.1 years). Mycosis-related intertrigos accounted for 6.7% of reasons for consultation. A female predominance was observed (76.7%). Lesions mainly occurred in the groin area (40.8%) and in the intergluteal clefts (36.9%). The most observed symptoms were maceration (52.4%) followed by burning (18.4%). In 89.3% of cases, intertrigos were caused by yeasts, including Candida albicans (33%), and Candida parapsilosis(19.4%) which were predominant. CONCLUSION: Mycosis-related intertrigos mainly affect the young adults of female sex. Lesions mainly occur at the level of the inguinal folds and intergluteal clefts. The main etiological agents are yeasts (Candida).

Asunto(s)

Candidiasis/epidemiología , Intertrigo/epidemiología , Micosis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Candida/aislamiento & purificación , Candidiasis/microbiología , Niño , Preescolar , Côte d'Ivoire , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Hospitales Universitarios , Humanos , Lactante , Intertrigo/microbiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Micosis/microbiología , Factores Sexuales , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

Asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium are considered a reservoir of the parasite in humans. Therefore, in order to be effective, new malaria elimination strategies must take these targets into account. The aim of this study was to analyse genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum among schoolchildren in three epidemiological areas in Côte d'Ivoire. This was a cross-sectional study carried out from May 2015 to April 2016 in a primary school in rural and urban areas of San Pedro, Grand-Bassam and Abengourou, during the rainy season and the dry season. A total of 282 Plasmodium falciparum isolates were genotyped using Nested PCR of Pfmsp1 and Pfmsp2 genes. The overall frequency of K1, Mad20 and RO33 alleles was 81.6%, 53.4% and 57% for Pfmsp1 respectively. For Pfmsp2, this frequency was 84.3% and 72.2% for 3D7 and FC27. K1, Mad20 and FC27 Frequencies were significantly higher in Abengourou compared to other sites. Overall, the frequency of MIs was significantly higher in Abengourou for Pfmsp1 and Pfmsp2. However, Mad20 and RO33 alleles were significantly higher in the rainy season. No significant difference was observed between Pfmsp2 alleles in both seasons. Frequency of the 3D7 allele was significantly higher in symptomatic patients. MIs and COI increased with parasitemia for Pfmsp1and Pfmsp2. The data can be added to that available for monitoring and control of P. falciparum malaria. Further studies combining the entomological inoculation rate and the genetic diversity of P. falciparum will allow us to shed light on our understanding of the epidemiology of this parasite.

Asunto(s)

Portador Sano/parasitología , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Malaria Falciparum/parasitología , Plasmodium falciparum/clasificación , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Adolescente , Antígenos de Protozoos/genética , Portador Sano/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Humanos , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Masculino , Proteína 1 de Superficie de Merozoito/genética , Plasmodium falciparum/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Población Rural , Instituciones Académicas , Estaciones del Año , Población Urbana

RESUMEN

Despite efforts to eliminate it, malaria remains a major public health concern, particularly in Côte d'Ivoire. Chloroquine (CQ) was one of the first drugs used for its treatment, but was officially withdrawn from the market in 2007 following reports of high levels of chloroquine resistance. The present study was carried out after the withdrawal of CQ and provides an update on the rates of CQ resistance in Côte d'Ivoire. Samples were collected between September 2013 and March 2014 in Abidjan and from January to May 2016 in Abengourou and San Pedro through cross-sectional studies. Parasitemia was assessed by microscopy, and single nucleotide polymorphism in the Pfcrt (codon 76) gene was analyzed by nested PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism. A total of 343 samples were analyzed: 119, 106 and 118 were from Abidjan, Abengourou, and San Pedro, respectively. The sex ratio of patients was 0.92. The mean age of patients enrolled was 9.6 years (SD = 10.8). The geometric mean of parasite density was 21,337 parasites/µL (SD = 49,508; range, 2,000-200,000). Molecular analysis revealed 57 K76T mutants (16.6%): 33, 9, and 15 in Abidjan, Abengourou and in San Pedro, respectively. Most of these were found in patients aged ≤15 years (42/57) who had parasitemia greater than 10,000 parasites/µL (40/57). This is the first study conducted in Côte d'Ivoire reporting a decline in Pfcrt K76T mutation rate. Thus, our results indicate the importance of following up on the observed trend also at a national level.

Asunto(s)

Malaria Falciparum/parasitología , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana/genética , Mutación , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Niño , Preescolar , Cloroquina/farmacología , Cloroquina/uso terapéutico , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Resistencia a Medicamentos/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Malaria Falciparum/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Parasitemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Parasitemia/epidemiología , Parasitemia/parasitología , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Prevalencia , Distribución por Sexo , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

Malaria remains a major public health problem in Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy and tolerability of artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) versus artemether-lumefantrine (AL) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, at two malaria surveillance sites in Côte d'Ivoire. The World Health Organization 2003 protocol was used for this multicenter open randomized clinical trial with a 42-day follow-up. We recruited 240 patients (120 per arm), of whom 114 (ASAQ group) and 112 (AL group) were fully followed-up. According to intention-to-treat statistical analysis, PCR-corrected cure rates for ASAQ and AL treatments were 95.8% and 92.5% on day 28, and 95% and 92.5% on day 42, respectively. Based on per-protocol statistical analysis, ASAQ and AL treatment rates reached 100% and 99.1%, respectively, on day 28 and remained the same on day 42. Overall, both drugs were well-tolerated at the clinical and biological level. This study shows that ASAQ and AL are still effective and well-tolerated. Accordingly, they can continue being used to treat uncomplicated malaria in Côte d'Ivoire. However, monitoring of their efficacy should remain a priority for health authorities.

Asunto(s)

Amodiaquina/uso terapéutico , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Artemisininas/uso terapéutico , Etanolaminas/uso terapéutico , Fluorenos/uso terapéutico , Malaria Falciparum/tratamiento farmacológico , Combinación Arteméter y Lumefantrina , Preescolar , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Masculino , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Vigilancia de Guardia

RESUMEN

Malaria is an infectious and deadly parasitic disease, associated with fever, anaemia and other ailments. Unfortunately the upsurge of plasmodium multidrug resistant constrained researchers to look for new effective drugs. Medicinal plants seem to be an unquenchable source of bioactive principles in the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the antiplasmodial activity of two Ivorian medicinal plants. The in vitro activity was evaluated against clinical isolates and Plasmodium falciparum K1 multidrug resistant strain using the fluorescence based SYBR green I assay. The in vivo bioassay was carried out using the classical 4 day suppressive and curative tests on Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Results showed that the in vitro bioassay of both plant extracts were found to exhibit a promising and moderate antiparasitic effects on clinical isolates (5 µg/mL < IC50 < 15 µg/mL) and Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistant K1 strain (15 µg/mL < IC50 < 50 µg/mL). Furthermore, the in vivo antiplasmodial screening of both extracts showed a significant decrease in parasitemia, which was dose-dependent. Body temperature in mice treated with both extracts at experimental doses increased, compared to the negative control group and was dose-dependent. As for mice body weight a significant decrease (p < 0.001) was noticed in the negative control group compared to tested groups of animals. The hydroethanolic stem bark extract of Anthocleista djalonensis A Chev and leaves extract of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam exhibited anti-malarial activities. Therefore, the bioactive compounds of both plant extracts need to be investigated.

RESUMEN

Introduction. The characterization of genetic profile of Plasmodium isolates from different areas could help in better strategies for malaria elimination. This study aimed to compare P. falciparum diversity in two African countries. Methods. Isolates collected from 100 and 73 falciparum malaria infections in sites of Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa) and Gabon (Central Africa), respectively, were analyzed by a nested PCR amplification of msp1 and msp2 genes. Results. The K1 allelic family was widespread in Côte d'Ivoire (64.6%) and in Gabon (56.6%). For msp2, the 3D7 alleles were more prevalent (>70% in both countries) compared to FC27 alleles. In Côte d'Ivoire, the frequencies of multiple infections with msp1 (45.1%) and msp2 (40.3%) were higher than those found for isolates from Gabon, that is, 30.2% with msp1 and 31.4% with msp2. The overall complexity of infection was 1.66 (SD = 0.79) in Côte d'Ivoire and 1.58 (SD = 0.83) in Gabon. It decreased with age in Côte d'Ivoire in contrast to Gabon. Conclusion. Differences observed in some allelic families and in complexity profile may suggest an impact of epidemiological facies as well as immunological response on genetic variability of P. falciparum.

RESUMEN

Two years after the introduction of free Artesunate-Amodiaquine (ASAQ) and Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in public health facilities in Côte d'Ivoire, we carried out this study to compare their efficacy and tolerability in three surveillance sites. It was a multicentre open randomised clinical trial of 3-day ASAQ treatment against AL for the treatment of 2 parallel groups of patients aged 2 years and above. The endpoints were (1) Adequate Clinical and Parasitological Response (ACPR) at day 28 and (2) the clinical and biological tolerability. Of the 300 patients who were enrolled 289, with 143 (49.5%) and 146 (50.5%) in the ASAQ and AL groups, respectively, correctly followed the WHO 2003 protocol we used. The PCR-corrected ACPR was 99.3% for each group. More than 94% of patients no longer showed signs of fever, 48 hours after treatment. Approximately 78% of the people in the ASAQ group had a parasite clearance time of 48 hours or less compared to 81% in the AL group (p = 0.496). Both drugs were found to be well tolerated by the patients. This study demonstrates the effectiveness and tolerability of ASAQ and AL supporting their continuous use for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria infection in Côte d'Ivoire.