RESUMEN
This paper reviews one of the complicated problems of the anatomy of the autonomic nervous system--the structure of human ciliary ganglion (CG). The literature data as well as the results obtained by the department and personally by the authors, are analyzed in three aspects: (a) human CG external structure and topography; (b) CG anatomy in animals and (c) characteristic of neurocytes of human and animal CG. The evidence indicating the absence of sympathetic root in both humans and animals, is presented. The size, shape and topography of CG are interrelated by the features of morphogenesis, thus reflecting it: these parameters are associated with a different localization of neuroblasts--precursor cells for CG neurons in brachicephals and dolichocephals. Authors conclude, that the data obtained in animal experiments cannot be extrapolated to humans, not only due to their contradictory nature, but also because of the definite presence of CG sensory root in man.
Asunto(s)
Cuerpo Ciliar/inervación , Ganglios Parasimpáticos/anatomía & histología , Animales , Ganglios Parasimpáticos/citología , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Neuronas/citología , Oftalmología/historia , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Individual differences of gastroduodenal transition shape, dimensions and structure were studied using histo-topographic preparations from 45 human cadavers, 60 intravital X-ray photographs and findings from 55 endoscopic examinations. The range of differences in the position of gastroduodenal mucosal junction on pyloric duodenal and gastric surfaces, was established. Muscular, muscular-submucosal and muscular-glandular types of gastroduodenal transition were distinguished. The morphological parameters of the differences of pyloric wall shape and dimensions were defined. Endoscopically, the dimension of pyloric orifice was classified as small, medium and large while its shape was described as round, oval, triangular or polygonal. Clinical applications of the data obtained were determined. Gastroduodenal transition is described as a complex, individually variable anatomical structure with clinically significant differences of its major structural components.
Asunto(s)
Duodeno/anatomía & histología , Estómago/anatomía & histología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Duodeno/diagnóstico por imagen , Mucosa Gástrica/anatomía & histología , Mucosa Gástrica/diagnóstico por imagen , Gastroscopía , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/anatomía & histología , Mucosa Intestinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Persona de Mediana Edad , Antro Pilórico/anatomía & histología , Antro Pilórico/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiografía , Estómago/diagnóstico por imagen , Rayos XRESUMEN
This article describes the identification of skeletal remains attributed to the family of Tsar Nicolay Romanov and other persons buried together at a site near present-day Ekaterinburg, Russia. Detailed descriptions are given regarding the objective methods of craniofacial and odontological identification that were used. Employing computer-assisted photographic superimposition techniques and statistical analysis of morphologic and other characteristics of the specimens, this study identifies with a high likelihood of certainty the remains of the Tsar, his wife, three of his four daughters, and four household assistants. Very strong evidence is presented that the Tsar's daughter Anastasia was killed in 1918. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the methods and trustworthiness of the results, as well as the prospects of future application of the methods for the identification of skeletonized human remains. Anat Rec (New Anat) 265:15-32, 2001.
Asunto(s)
Personajes , Antropología Forense/historia , Odontología Forense/historia , Cráneo/anatomía & histología , Diente/anatomía & histología , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Antropología Forense/métodos , Odontología Forense/métodos , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
Measurements of 18 bilateral signs were carried out in 94 Negroid skulls. All parts of the facial skull are clearly asymmetrical, if regarded separately, while the summary sizes of the left and right halves of the facial skull are equal. In the upper part of the face the most asymmetrical parameters are the width of the bridge of the nose, width of the nose, and width of the palate, while the least asymmetrical are the height of the orbit and palate and length of the palate. In the mandibular part the greatest asymmetry was observed in the thickness and height of the mandibular corpus and height of the mandibular branches. The resultant combination of symmetry of the total sizes of both sides of the facial skull and asymmetry of individual parts is interpreted as an indication of the compensatory changeability of bilateral signs of the facial skull. The results are similar to data on the asymmetry of the facial skull of Mongoloid, Europeoid, and the intermediate skulls.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra , Asimetría Facial/patología , Huesos Faciales/patología , Cefalometría/métodos , Cefalometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Caracteres SexualesRESUMEN
On the example of "Golden wourf" and some other models the use of mathematical methods in stomatological morphometry is demonstrated. Parameter values oscillations below 15% are considered by the authors to be the limit for normal state individual peculiarities. Relief of dental crowns are considered from biomechanical positions, representing dentition localisation as parts of conic surfaces.
Asunto(s)
Mandíbula/anatomía & histología , Maxilar/anatomía & histología , Diente/anatomía & histología , Adolescente , Adulto , Cadáver , Técnica de Impresión Dental , Femenino , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagen , Matemática , Maxilar/diagnóstico por imagen , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Radiografía Dental , Diente/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
The investigation has been performed by means of the luminescent microscopical method. The retrograde axonal transport of the fluorescent marker primuline has demonstrated that a definite amount of labelled cells are observed in the celiac plexus, in nodes of the thoracic part of the sympathetic trunk (predominantly in Th6-Th8). Innervation of the EGP sphincter is mainly performed from the sympathetic trunk nodes (Th6-Th8) and from the celiac plexus.
Asunto(s)
Unión Esofagogástrica/inervación , Animales , Antocianinas , Plexo Celíaco/citología , Vías Eferentes/citología , Masculino , Microscopía Fluorescente , Neuronas/citología , Sistema Nervioso Parasimpático/citología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Coloración y Etiquetado/métodos , Sistema Nervioso Simpático/citología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
By means of histo-topographical sections 80 preparations of the distal end of the esophagus and the cardia of the stomach have been studied. The blocks have been cut in the frontal and horizontal planes. Certain variability in thickness of the circular layer of the EGP muscle membrane has been revealed. Presence of the EGP sphincter has been proved morphologically. The maximal thickness of the EGP sphincter is observed in stomachs of the greatest dimensions and vice versa, the minimal one--in stomachs of the least dimensions. The maximal manifestation of the sphincter has been described in the preparations of the stomachs which have the form of a stocking, and the minimal--the form of a horn. The maximal manifestation of the EGP sphincter is demonstrated at 26 up to 60 years of age. The most often occurring places of the EGP sphincter localization have been determined: they are in the region of the esophageal foramen of the diaphragm and the abdominal part of the esophagus.
Asunto(s)
Cardias/anatomía & histología , Unión Esofagogástrica/anatomía & histología , Esófago/anatomía & histología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Antropometría , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
The authors investigated human embryos and fetuses of 4 to 40 weeks old, their evolution and oesophageal histodifferentiation characteristics. The terms used to describe oesophageal tissue structure formation are defined more accurately. A detailed analysis of the sequence of oesophageal histogenesis processes is given, special attention being paid to the development of muscle element evolution in different oesophagus sections.