RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intercultural and Global Health Issues was developed to address learning outcomes in communication, ways of thinking, intercultural personal skills, and intercultural knowledge. The aim of this study was to assess learning gains of pharmacy students through self-assessment. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: Course design, learning outcomes, objectives, and activities were created to meet the expected educational outcomes. A revised rubric was created from the American Association of Colleges and Universities (AACU) Valid Assessment of Learning in Undergraduate Education rubrics on Intercultural knowledge, Information literacy, and Creative thinking. Students completed self-assessments at the beginning and end of the course. Ward hierarchical clustering, paired sample t-tests, and independent t-tests analyzed multidimensional data in two clusters. FINDINGS: Cluster 1 (C1) students reported pre-course capstone performances for cultural self-awareness, problem solving, and access and use of information ethically and legally. Post-course scores for C1 students statistically increased for all AACU domains reaching capstone performances for intercultural competence, creative thinking, and information literacy. Cluster 2 (C2) students reported capstone performance levels for all AACU domains from the beginning to the end of the course. All students reported achievement of self-efficacy, creative thinking, and cultural competency at the end of the course. There was no statistically significant difference in course learning outcome scores for C1 and C2 students. SUMMARY: Students achieved embedded learning outcomes of ways of thinking, communication, interpersonal skills, and intercultural knowledge as demonstrated from self-assessments. Course activities aided students' demonstration of self-efficacy, creative thinking, and intercultural knowledge.
Asunto(s)
Autoevaluación (Psicología) , Estudiantes de Farmacia , Humanos , Comunicación , Curriculum , Competencia CulturalRESUMEN
Introduction: The opioid overdose crisis has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives in the United States in the last decade, with overdose numbers continuing to climb. At the same time, the role of the pharmacist in combating the opioid crisis continues to evolve. Methods: A literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE that incorporated both MeSH terms and keywords to describe two concepts: the opioid epidemic and pharmacists/pharmacies. The search was limited to articles published after 2010 through the end of 2021 and returned 196 articles that were analyzed thematically. Results: Thematic analysis revealed the following themes: prevention, interventions, public health role of the pharmacist, pharmacists in multiple roles, barriers, pharmacist and healthcare provider attitudes, educational initiatives for pharmacists and student pharmacists, and future research. Discussion: While a great deal of progress has been made in the role of the pharmacist in supporting individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) in the last two decades, pharmacists must seek to invest time and resources into practices with a strong evidence base to better mitigate the growing, devastating impact of the opioid crisis. Pharmacists must be willing to embrace new and non-traditional roles in patient care, service and research, and seek to advance evidence-based knowledge and practice. Conclusion: Pharmacy practice has expanded greatly in the past decade with pharmacists taking on new and creative approaches to addressing the opioid crisis. Collaborative and interdisciplinary approaches to addressing the root causes of opioid misuse and opioid overdose are still desperately needed. These include attention to the critical roles of social determinants of health, stigma elimination, legislative advocacy for patients with OUD, and focused education for providers, pharmacists, and the community. Recognition and support of the value of collaboration to both improve public health and individual patient care, continued investments in pharmacy practice advancement in OUD treatment and harm reduction, and the creation of workflows and prescribing algorithms to assist in dosing medications to prevent withdrawal symptoms and achieve improved pain control are desperately needed.