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BACKGROUND: On the basis of available reports it can be stated that physical stress causes changes in distribution and activity of many components of the immune system. It is believed that psychophysical stress in soldiers can influence their immune system depressively and in consequence increase the risk of upper respiratory tract infections. Therefore, it was decided to conduct studies aimed at the estimation of the influence of military training on the some parameters of cellular immune response. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 40 draft aged from 18 to 23 years. The research was conducted in the first 8 weeks of service, in the period of the most intense draft stress adaptation. The participants were divide into 2 groups, A and B respectively, 20 soldiers each. Group A derived from an assault unit. Their training induced strenuous physical stress. Group B derived from a support unit. Their training required less physical effort then one of group A. Performed examinations involved: lymphocyte percentage count, lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogen, CD69 antigen expression on T lymphocyte surface, delayed hypersensitivity reaction with CMI Multitest. All assessments were done twice at 8 weeks interval. RESULTS: After 8 weeks of training in the A group a statistically significant increase in the percentage of lymphocytes revealing antigens of the II Class Main Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) was found. In addition, in this group a statistically significant decrease in the value of lymphocyte stimulation index, a statistically significant increase in the percentage of cells revealing CD69 antigen expression after PHA stimulation were observed. During investigated period in the B group following statistically significant changes were found: an increase in the percentage of CD3+ and CD4+ cells, a decrease in the percentage of CD16+CD56+ and an increase in the CD4+ to CD8+ ratio. CONCLUSION: The obtained results show that military service conditions influence some parameters of the cellular immune response but do not result in the clinically significant suppression of the immune system.

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Platelet is blood's morphotic element in which intense energy metabolism takes place, which makes it possible to participate in the complex processes of the organism's homeostasis. The aim of the study was to analyse aerobic metabolism in the platelets, taking into consideration lipids peroxidation in patients with bladder cancer treated with the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Mycobacterium suspension. The determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) concentration activity constituted this evaluation's parameters. A group of 12 patients (4 women and 8 men) aged 54-67 years (average age 61) in which superficial bladder cancer was diagnosed were included in the study. Electroresection was carried out and subsequently, after 14 days, BCG Mycobacterium suspension was administered in intravesical instillations, in a 6-week cycle according to Morales. The material for the study was venous blood taken from the patients in three periods (before treatment, after the last clyster and 30 days after treatment) into the tubes with the addition of 1% EDTA in the ratio of 9 blood volumes to anticoagulant's one volume. Superoxide dismutase activity (Cu Zn--SOD) was determined according to Misra and Fridovich. The values were expressed in lamellar protein U/g protein. MDA concentration in platelet's TBARS was determined according to Pansa et al. MDA concentration included in TBARS was expressed in nmol/109 platelets. The controls were healthy volunteers in the same age range. In unaided studies a significant rise in superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) activity was obtained with the 1574.606 average before treatment > 2137.03 after treatment and 2646.4 after a month observation. Whereas MDA concentration increased in non-treated patients to 1.97, after treatment it dropped down significantly to 1.55 and sustained the downward trend after 30-day observation 1.4 nmol/109 platelets. The use of BCG intravesical clysters causes lipids peroxidation inhibition (decrease in MDA concentration) and the increase of SOD-1 activity results in smaller aggregation of platelets, preventing the formation of neoplastic metastases.

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It is known, that psychophysical stress causes some changes in distribution and activity of many components of the immune system. The research was aimed at examination the influence of different military service conditions on some neutrophil functions. In this study granulocyte chemiluminescence both without stimulation and after stimulation with fMLP, PMA and zymosan was evaluated. In addition, the expression of surface adhesion molecules--CD11b on circulating granulocytes was examined. The studied group consisted of 20 soldiers from an assault unit (group A) and 20 soldiers from a support unit (group B), the age ranged from 18 to 23 years. The examinations were conducted at the beginning of the basic training and after the 8 weeks period. In group A the following results were obtained: a significant increase (p < 0.001) in granulocyte chemiluminescence without stimulation and after stimulation with fMLP, PMA and zymosan, as well as, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in CD11b expression on granulocytes. And in group B: a significant increase (p < 0.05) in granulocyte chemiluminescence without stimulation but a significant decrease (p < 0.05) after cells stimulation with fMLP and PMA were observed. In this group CD11b expression on granulocytes was significantly (p < 0.001) decreased. The results of the present examination indicate, that military service conditions influence some parameters of the innate immunity.

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The present article is an attempt to show the best diagnostic radioisotopic methods which are practically applied in the internal diseases diagnostics. It was shown both the most important indications for performing these examinations and expected advantages. In particular, it was paid attention to achieved progress in the diagnostics of some diseases owing to radioisotopic methods application. In addition, a general availability and non-invasity of these methods advocates in support of using them.

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The aim of the present study was evaluation of correlation between big-endothelin concentration of the precursor substance of endothelin and mean values of blood pressure in 13 patients with compensates chronic renal failure. Their age ranged from 29 years to 55 years the mean age was 42.9 +/- 8.2 years. The patients were from the Consultational Nephrologic Outpatient Clinic. These patients were sent to the clinic after a hospital observation with recognised chronic renal failure (CRF), caused by chronic glomerulonephritis (without pathomorphological differentiation). The control group consistent of 10 healthy volunteers, an age ranged from 22 years to 49 years, a mean was 32.6 +/- 10.8 years. The following mean blood pressure values were found: in patient group a systolic pressure was 139.1 +/- 17.3 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure was 88.4 +/- 12.5 mm Hg and similar values in healthy control group were respectively: 118.6 +/- 4.0 and 72.4 +/- 5.9 mm Hg. Analogously the proendothelin concentration was 18.48 +/- 22.04 fmol/ml in patients with CRF and it was 4.67 +/- 0.27 fmol/ml in the control group. A positive correlation between mean blood systolic pressure values and the proendothelin concentration (r = 0.666, Y = 0.52X + 129.5; p < 0.05) in the was found patients group.

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In allergy the immune response is significantly modified by inflammatory processes. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) are involved in inflammatory processes. Activated PMNLs release many substances, including granulocyte factor (GF), which exerts immunomodulating effects. The present study was performed to determine the effects of allergens and/or GF on the expression of lymphocyte differentiation antigens in short-term cultures and to evaluate the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) under the influence of these substances. The studies were carried out on peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with type I hypersensitivity, before and after the grass pollen season, and from healthy subjects. GF and allergens were found to increase the CD8 cell number, particularly in 7-day cultures and in patients before exposure to allergens, which correlated with MIF release in these patients under the influence of these factors. The results suggest that the PMNLs may participate in allergic inflammatory reactions.

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Investigations of some immune parameters were carried out in healthy humans receiving TPP in doses of 50, 100, 300 and 600 mg daily for 14 days. The percent and composition of T lymphocyte subsets were studied along with the ability to generate interleukin-1 (Il-1) and interleukin-2 (Il-2) as well as spontaneous and PHA stimulated expression of receptors for Il-2 (TAC) and transferrin receptor (Tr) on lymphocytes. Lymphocytes proliferation induced with mitogens and alloantigens, generation of both Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha(TNF alpha) by monocytes and superoxide radicals by granulocytes were estimated. A 50 mg dose of TPP changed neither the T-cell percent among mononuclear cells nor the composition of T-cell subsets. A higher dosage of 100 mg of TPP caused a significant increase of the percent of T-cells on the 14th day but did not influence their subset composition. On the 14th and 28th day of the observation a statistically insignificant decrease of IL-2 generation was observed but with no change of both TAC receptor expression on lymphocytes and the ability to generate IL-1 by monocytes. TPP in the doses of 50 and 100 mg exerted a slight immunomodulatory potential in healthy humans, however the immunological parameters assessed were within the standard values. In other immune parameters examined during the administration of higher TPP doses in human groups consisted of four volunteers considerable differences have been found but individual differences in a limited experimental group and the lack of a placebo group did not allow for definite conclusions but for preliminary data only.

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In the group of 29 workers of Acetobenzene Division of the petrochemical plant in Ptock with occupational exposure to toluene, acetone, and ammonia a set of tests were done evaluating the state of cell-mediated immunity which made possible finding out persons showing abnormalities in the studied parameters. It is suggested to follow-up these person continuously with control immunological testing once a year.

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The subjects of investigation included 34 workers at the Phenol Division of the Mazovian Refining and Petrochemical Plants and 18 persons working in administrative positions; the purpose was to elucidate some functions of the immune system cells. The lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3, CD4, CD8) and NK cells were evaluated using monoclonal antibodies and the immunofluorescence method. To search for the functions of lymphocytes and monocytes such as the in vitro production of interleukin-1 (Il-1) and interleukin-2 (Il-2), macrophage inhibitory factor generation (MIF), a cytotoxicity test and T cell proliferation in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) were also examined. We have shown that workers from the Phenol Division exhibited pronounced deviations in the tested parameters as compared to the administration workers. We found a decrease in CD3 lymphocytes and in Il-1 production. After analysis of the individual results we selected three persons from the Phenol Division who showed abnormal values in four or more parameters (decreased CD4:CD8 ratio, abnormal values of lymphocyte subpopulations, impaired lymphocyte functions in functional tests). These cellular-immunity control tests are promising methods for studies of the biological effects of environmental and/or occupational pollution to toxic derivates of petroleum.

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In 32 workers of Butadiene Division of the Mazovian Refining and Petrochemical Plant cellular immunity parameters were examined. The proposed parameters allowed to select those with defected immunity and monitor the effects of occupational exposure to some xenobiotics on human immune system.

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In 137 workers of the Mazovian Refining Petrochemical Plant cellular immunity parameters were examined. The following tests were performed: number of E rosette forming cells (T lymphocytes), TG and TM lymphocytes, EAC rosette forming cells (B lymphocytes), MIF generation and suppressor and cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes. Workers of Asphalt Oxidation Division exhibited most pronounced deviations of the test parameters, as compared to controls.

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Adherent granulocytes secrete granulocyte factor (GF) in the course of the first 60 min of adherence. GF abolishes suppressor cell generation in mice induced by intravenous injection of irradiated allogeneic lymphoid cells. The effect of such induced suppressors was measured in delayed type hypersensitivity reaction induced by subcutaneously injected irradiated allogeneic spleen cells and evaluated in the foodpad test. Suppressor cell induction or GF treatment had no effect on antigen- or phytohaemagglutinin-induced production of migration inhibitory factor.

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