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BACKGROUND: Research on caregivers for children with intellectual disabilities, particularly those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), has highlighted several obstacles to achieving better oral health. These include challenges with tolerating oral care, sensory processing differences, uncooperative behaviors, and communication impairments. There is limited understanding of what caregivers would consider "successful assistance" in improving oral health for these children. OBJECTIVES: This pilot study aimed to examine caregivers' and user's experiences with a Kids Smart Electric Toothbrush used by children with ASD. METHODS: It involved open-ended interviews and questionnaires with caregivers prior to utilization of the toothbrush and after 4 weeks of product use by the child. RESULTS: Seventeen children with ASD, aged 5-12, participated. A total of 58.8% of caregivers said their child brushed more often, and all reported brushing at least twice a day by week 4. Caregivers reported that children became more independent while brushing their teeth and achieved better quality brushing. Caregivers' frustration with the brushing process, satisfaction with the device, and need to assist the child with brushing were improved. Caregivers did encounter some technical difficulties with the app. CONCLUSION: This study will assist in exploring "smart" toothbrush technologies for oral hygiene in children with ASD.

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OBJECTIVES: To review the relevant literature to assess whether patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) are more prone to have sleep disturbances than general population. METHODS: The literature search for relevant articles was from July 2020 to March 2021. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, and Scopus was conducted to search for relevant studies. The quality of studies was assessed in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute's guidelines and using the software SUMARI-The System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information. Confidence in the findings was assessed using the GRADE-CERQual approach. RESULTS: A total of 1064 studies were initially identified from the search; six studies, two cross-sectional and four case-control, met the inclusion criteria and were selected for this systematic review. Sleep disturbances were a required outcome measured in selected studies evaluating symptoms of BMS. For studies that were included in the final analyses, BMS was found to relate to several dimensions of sleep including sleep disturbance and duration (n = 6), sleep affecting daytime function (n = 4), sleep quality (n = 6), sleep efficiency (n = 4), and ability to fall asleep (n = 4). Consistent evidence of moderate confidence found that BMS was associated with greater sleep disturbance, reduced sleep quality, increased time taken to fall asleep, reduced sleep efficiency, and poor daytime function, whereas evidence of low confidence was found regarding the association of BMS with reduced sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS: Although the presented studies could not establish a direct causal relationship between BMS and sleep disturbances, it supports the evidence that sleep disturbance is associated with symptoms of BMS. Management strategies to improve sleep may be considered in future research for managing BMS patients.

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Radiographic changes of the oral and maxillofacial hard tissues can be an indication of an underlying systemic disease. In this article, the range of individual disease entities that have both systemic and dental manifestations are reviewed. Images for many conditions are provided to illustrate the radiographic changes. A summary of the most common jaw affected, radiographic and pathognomonic findings, and management aspects is listed in a table format within this article for quick reference.

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Oral pigmented lesions have a wide range of clinical presentations, some of which correlate with cutaneous pigmented lesions. This article highlights these correlates and underscores important differences that can potentially have clinical impact. Moreover, given a nonspecific presentation of an oral pigmented lesion, the article provides a reference to aid clinicians with differential diagnoses based on clinical features. This article is an overview of pigmented lesions of the oral cavity, including localized reactive pigmented lesions, neoplastic pigmented lesions, and pigmented lesions as sequelae of a systemic disease.

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Periapical pathoses represent changes noted at the apices of teeth within the alveolar process that are suspected on examination, visualized via imaging, and confirmed via histopathology. They can be bone forming or destructive. There are pathologic entities that show both types of changes at the apical regions. These lesions must be identified if they are odontogenic in origin because treatment modalities differ. This article discusses identification of radiopaque and radiolucent lesions noted on radiographs. The common opacities and lucencies are described. When required, advanced imaging is used to depict changes within the bone near the periapical regions of mandibular and maxillary teeth.

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The maxillofacial region is complex in its anatomy and in its variation in the presentation of neurologic disorders. The diagnosis and management of neurologic disorders in clinical practice remains a challenge. A good understanding of the neurologic disorder in its entirety helps dentists in the diagnosis and appropriate referral to a specialist for further investigations and management of the condition. Neurologic disorders described in this article are under broad categories of sensory and motor disturbances as well as movement disorders and infections. This article summarizes the most common maxillofacial neurologic disorders that dentists might encounter in clinical practice.

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The aim of this systematic review was to address the clinicopathologic inconsistencies noted with primary oral leiomyosarcoma in the literature by amassing the available data published into a comprehensive analysis. Eligibility criteria included publications of cases with dedicated immunohistochemical work-up along with radiographs to evaluate location. Based on these criteria, the systematic review compiled 29 cases. Four primary location sites were identified in the reported cases: soft tissue presentation only, soft tissue with bony involvement, bony involvement only, and bony involvement with a soft tissue component. The majority of primary oral leiomyosarcoma cases reviewed showed a soft tissue predilection, which is in contrast to prior reports of jawbones being the most common site. In addition, there was an improved 5-year survival rate for primary oral leiomyosarcoma limited to the oral cavity and gnathic bones without extension into paranasal sinuses.

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Chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CUS) is a mucocutaneous condition characterized by chronic relapsing and remitting oral ulcers and erosions. This condition remains under-recognized among dermatopathologists, possibly because of common misdiagnosis as oral erosive lichen planus (LP). We report five cases of CUS in order to raise awareness of this uncommon condition. All patients presented with desquamative gingivitis and/or oral erosions, with biopsies showing lichenoid mucositis and epithelial nuclear IgG deposition on direct immunofluorescence. Recognition of the characteristic direct immunofluorescence findings allows for distinction of chronic ulcerative stomatitis from oral LP and appropriate therapy.

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This clinicopathologic study of primary oral leiomyosarcoma of the buccal mucosa involves a literature review of 15 cases with the addition of our report of a case. The demographic details, tumor size, treatment and outcome are documented for all the cases. In addition, this review examines the histologic features of leiomyosarcoma while noting that differentiation from other spindle cell tumors can be challenging, underscoring the necessity of an immunohistochemical work up for an accurate diagnosis. The unpredictability of the clinical behavior of these aggressive tumors requires, at the very least, wide local surgical excision and prolonged follow up.

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PURPOSE: Primary Ewing sarcoma of the jaw is rare. The aim of this study was to describe new cases of primary Ewing sarcoma of the jaw and investigate reported prognostic factors of Ewing sarcoma in this series and treatment outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six patients with primary Ewing sarcoma of the jaw were treated at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) from 1992 through 2013. Clinical data, pathology reports, treatment prescribed, treatment regimens, outcome, and follow-up information were reviewed. RESULTS: Five of 6 patients were female and 5 cases were in the mandible. No patient presented with metastatic disease at diagnosis. All cases were positive for CD99, and 3 patients with genetic confirmation were positive for EWS-FLI1 fusion or EWSR1 gene rearrangement. All patients received induction multiagent chemotherapy and surgical resection and 2 patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. Total (grade IV) or nearly total (grade III) tumor necrosis in 3 of 5 patients (60%) assessed for histologic response to chemotherapy indicated intense sensitivity. All patients were alive and free of disease, with no history of local recurrence, at a median follow-up period of 6.5 years. CONCLUSION: Patients with primary Ewing sarcoma of the jaw have a good prognosis and metastasis is an uncommon occurrence at initial presentation.

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Foreign body gingivitis (FBG) is a non-plaque induced chronic inflammatory process involving the marginal and/or attached gingiva. It results from the introduction of foreign particulate material, primarily dental prophylaxis paste and restorative dental materials, into the gingival tissues. Clinical presentation varies from an erythematous to vesiculoerosive-like process that may mimic a localized form of desquamative gingivitis or an erosive lichenoid process. Rarely, it may also present with a granular appearance. We describe the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and clinical management of a 52-year-old Woman who presented with localized chronic inflammation of the maxillary anterior and left posterior gingiva secondary to the presence of foreign material.

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Angiosarcomas are rare, malignant neoplasms of vascular origin that account for less than 1% of all soft tissue tumors. Angiosarcomas of the oral cavity are especially rare, and brachytherapy may be prescribed as a localized treatment to manage these malignancies. Intraoral brachytherapy requires collaboration between the radiation oncologist and a dental professional for the fabrication of the brachytherapy delivery prosthesis. This clinical report describes an intraoral angiosarcoma and the fabrication of an intraoral brachytherapy prosthesis to manage this malignancy.

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Ewing sarcoma is a malignant, small, round blue-cell tumor of the bone that is usually located in the long bones and the pelvis. Fewer than 3% of all Ewing sarcomas originate in the head and neck region and these are mostly located in the posterior mandible. We report the case of a 17-year-old girl with a primary Ewing sarcoma localized at the midline of the anterior mandible.

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