RESUMEN
Aquarium cod infected with Lerneaocera branchialis were exposed to gradually diluted sea water from salinity of 34.5 to 9.2 per thousand (S = 34.5-9.2) at a temperature of 8.5 C +/- 0.5 C. Osmolarity measurements of cod plasma, parasite hemolymph, and surrounding water showed that, unlike the cod, L. branchialis does not osmoregulate. Parasite survival is probably salinity-restricted below 16-20 S, which also is supported by its absence from Baltic waters. In waters of widely varying salinity, the parasite is not suitable as a biological tag to separate different cod populations. Hematocrit values were significantly lower in infected cod compared to noninfected fish. The pathogenic effect can be measured by the hematocrit reduction, which is correlated with the number of parasites on the host as well as the body size of the host.
Asunto(s)
Crustáceos/fisiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/parasitología , Agua de Mar/química , Animales , Crustáceos/patogenicidad , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Peces/sangre , Enfermedades de los Peces/fisiopatología , Peces , Contenido Digestivo/química , Hematócrito/veterinaria , Hemolinfa/química , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Noruega , Concentración Osmolar , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/sangre , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/fisiopatología , Cloruro de Sodio/química , Estrés Fisiológico/complicaciones , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiopatología , Estrés Fisiológico/veterinariaRESUMEN
Pneumonia in patients in intensive care units (ICU) is associated with several diagnostic difficulties and high mortality. This study was conducted to describe the diagnostic procedures and clinical characteristics of the pneumonic and critically ill patient in relation to APACHE II score. The material consisted of 193 patients admitted to seven Danish ICUs and is also included in a European epidemiologic survey (EURO.NIS). Twenty-eight (14.5%) developed pneumonia and 18 (9.3%) of these were nosocomial (> 48h after admission). Patients with pneumonia had a significantly higher APACHE II score, duration of stay and mortality. The techniques used to diagnose pneumonia were mainly conventional and did not or only seldom include protected brush, bronchoalveolar lavage or pulmonary biosy. The predominant pathogens isolated in tracheal aspirate were Gram-negative bacilli (50%). The APACHE II scoring system was found to stratify patients with respect to mortality, duration of stay and pneumonia diagnosed in ICU.