RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The results of the Asheville Project have shown the success of a community-based, chronic disease management model in improving clinical outcomes in patients with chronic disease while reducing annual costs of care per participant. The question arose whether other programs using a similar management model and implemented in other communities could replicate the success of the Asheville Project in improving clinical outcomes and reducing costs for patients with a chronic disease. OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term clinical and financial outcomes of a chronic care management model for patients with diabetes, using the Asheville care management model that was successful in the management of several chronic diseases. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal, 3-year (2007-2009), quasi-experimental, multisite, pre-/postenrollment study. METHODS: Self-insured health plan members with diabetes agreed to meet on a regular basis (ie, an average of every 3 months) with a healthcare professional. Participants received reduced copayments on diabetes-related medications and supplies as an incentive for participating in the study. Providers utilized a web-based electronic medical record system that provided updated medical and prescription data and highlighted gaps in care based on national standards. Program providers included community pharmacists, population health management company pharmacists, and nurses at on-site clinics, trained in use of evidence-based guidelines of care. Providers assessed patients' medications, knowledge level, and lifestyle; provided patient education and goal setting; and referred patients for physician follow-up and recommendations to physicians. The majority of the encounters were face-to-face. RESULTS: The study included 95 plan members in the clinical cohort participating for 1 year or more, and 54 members in the financial cohort who have been participating in the program for 3 years. At the end of 3 years, the percentages of those achieving guideline goals increased from baseline to the latest follow-up included, respectively, reaching target hemoglobin A1c levels, 38% to 53%; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 46% to 67%; systolic blood pressure (BP), 55% to 72%; diastolic BP, 60% to 71%; annual eye examination, 37% to 61%; and self-testing blood glucose, 79% to 97%. Total healthcare costs decreased by an average of $2704 per participant per year. The program's return on investment was $4.89 to every $1 spent (including program costs). CONCLUSION: The Hickory Project shows that it is possible to produce sustained improvements in clinical outcomes and reductions in healthcare costs for patients with diabetes using a chronic care model that provides frequent patient follow-up, a focus on appropriate medication therapy, adherence to clinical practice guidelines, and a reduction in prescription copayments for antidiabetes medications as an incentive for patients to participate in the program.