RESUMEN
The reduction by NADPH of the FAD and FMN redox centres in the isolated flavin reductase domain of calmodulin-bound rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been studied by anaerobic stopped-flow spectroscopy using absorption and fluorescence detection. We show by global analysis of time-dependent photodiode array spectra, single wavelength absorption and NADPH fluorescence studies, that at least four resolvable steps are observed in stopped-flow studies with NADPH and that flavin reduction is reversible. The first reductive step represents the rapid formation of an equilibrium between an NADPH-enzyme charge-transfer species and two-electron-reduced enzyme bound to NADP(+). The second and third steps represent further reduction of the enzyme flavins and NADP(+) release. The fourth step is attributed to the slow accumulation of an enzyme species that is inferred not to be relevant catalytically in steady-state reactions. Stopped-flow flavin fluorescence studies indicate the presence of slow kinetic phases, the timescales of which correspond to the slow phase observed in absorption and NADPH fluorescence transients. By analogy with stopped-flow studies of cytochrome P450 reductase, we attribute these slow fluorescence and absorption changes to enzyme disproportionation and/or conformational change. Unlike for the functionally related cytochrome P450 reductase, transfer of the first hydride equivalent from NADPH to nNOS reductase does not generate the flavin di-semiquinoid state. This indicates that internal electron transfer is relatively slow and is probably gated by NADP(+) release. Release of calmodulin from the nNOS reductase does not affect the kinetics of inter-flavin electron transfer under stopped-flow conditions, although the observed rate of formation of the equilibrium between the NADPH-oxidized enzyme charge-transfer species and two-electron-reduced enzyme bound to NADP(+) is modestly slower in calmodulin-depleted enzyme. Our studies indicate the need for significant re-interpretation of published kinetic data for electron transfer in the reductase domain of neuronal nitric oxide synthase.
Asunto(s)
NADPH-Ferrihemoproteína Reductasa/química , Neuronas/enzimología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/química , Animales , Calmodulina/química , Calmodulina/metabolismo , Catálisis , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Transporte de Electrón , Flavinas/química , Flavoproteínas/metabolismo , Cinética , Modelos Químicos , NADP/metabolismo , Plásmidos/metabolismo , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Ratas , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia , Espectrofotometría , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Lipase from "Fusarium solani" FS1 was immobilized by covalent attachment to polyacrylamide beads and onto magnetized Dacron, retaining 12(per cent) and 97(per cent) of activity, respectively. Lipase was also entrapped within polyacrylamide beads, retaining 53(per cent) of activity. Investigations of the kinetic characteristics of the immobilized derivates using triolein as substrate showed that lipase immobilized onto polyacrilamide beads and Dracon did not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics.