RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Immediate implant-based breast reconstruction (IBR) rates have increased considerably with the advent of acellular dermal matrices. Implant loss is a significant complication and is costly to patients and the NHS. National Mastectomy and Breast Reconstruction Audit and Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction Audit data have demonstrated national implant loss rate of 9% at 3 months. National Oncoplastic Guidelines for Best Practice cite a < 5% target. We aimed to reduce implant loss by introducing a protocol with pre-, intra- and post-operative interventions. METHODS: Audit of IBR at a single oncoplastic breast unit was commenced and implant loss at 3 months was recorded (May 2012-July 2014). Patients were identified from a prospectively maintained database, and case notes were examined by identifying factors associated with implant loss. A team involving microbiology, theatre staff, infection control and surgeons was established. A novel, evidence-based intervention bundle, including more than 25 protocol changes, was introduced. Prospective re-audit of IBR (April 2015-December 2017) was completed following introduction of the new protocol and implant loss was recorded at 3 months. RESULTS: The first retrospective audit of 77 reconstructions (54 patients) demonstrated 11 implant losses at 3 months (14%). Re-audit, post-intervention, comprised 129 reconstructions (106 patients) with no implant loss at 3 months. Fisher's exact analysis revealed statistically significant reduction in implant loss rate (P < 0.00001) following protocol introduction. CONCLUSIONS: Implant loss rate following IBR can be reduced to an exceptionally low level, well below national targets, by adhering to this evidence-based intervention bundle. Our protocol could improve outcomes nationally.
Asunto(s)
Implantación de Mama/métodos , Protocolos Clínicos , Garantía de la Calidad de Atención de Salud/métodos , Adulto , Implantación de Mama/efectos adversos , Implantación de Mama/normas , Implantes de Mama/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de la Mama/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Auditoría Médica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Falla de Prótesis , Mejoramiento de la Calidad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de RiesgoAsunto(s)
Fentanilo/metabolismo , Caballos/metabolismo , Animales , Biotransformación , Humanos , Cinética , MasculinoRESUMEN
Gas concentrations and ventilation levels have been measured within a conventional Magill circuit when conscious volunteers breathed a non-narcotic gas mixture at varying fresh gas flows. When evidence of rebreathing of alveolar gas was detected, the fresh gas flow was kept constant until a steady state developed. All subjects showed evidence of rebreathing when the fresh gas flow approached the predicted alveolar ventilation levels. A variety of subject-circuit interactions was seen and shown to be precipitated by naturally occurring breath-to-breath variations in ventilation. A single large breath could perturb the system. This could have a temporary effect, when the fresh gas flow was sufficient to wash the increased aliquot of expired carbon dioxide from the circuit. At other times a progressive response occurred as ventilatory stimulation as a result of the increased inspired carbon dioxide concentrations caused alveolar gas to reach the reservoir bag and converted the system behaviour from that of a simple added deadspace to that of a total mixing device. Whilst marked changes occurred commonly in both ventilation and inspired gas concentrations, only slight changes in end-tidal gas concentrations occurred.
Asunto(s)
Anestesia por Inhalación/instrumentación , Dióxido de Carbono , Oxígeno , Respiración , Humanos , Nitrógeno , Pletismografía de Impedancia , Alveolos Pulmonares/fisiología , Volumen de Ventilación PulmonarRESUMEN
The anatomy of the inferior cervical ganglion is described. The theory of the effects of its infiltration in paralysis is briefly discussed. The technique of infiltration and a recommended course of treatment are described. Twelve case reports are presented (AU)