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In the emerging field of magnon-spintronics, spin waves are exploited to encode, carry and process information in materials with periodic modulation of their magnetic properties, named magnonic crystals. These enable the redesign of the spin wave dispersion, thanks to its dependence on the geometric and magnetic parameters, resulting in the appearance of allowed and forbidden band gaps for specific propagation directions. In this work, we analyze the spin waves band structure of two-dimensional magnonic crystals consisting of permalloy square antidot lattices with different geometrical parameters. We show that the frequency of the most intense spin-wave modes, measured by Brillouin light scattering, exhibits a universal dependence on the aspect ratio (thickness over width) of the effective nanowire enclosed between adjacent rows of holes. A similar dependence also applies to both the frequency position and the width of the main band gap of the fundamental (dispersive) mode at the edge of the first Brillouin zone. These experimental findings are successfully explained by calculations based on the plane-wave method. Therefore, a unified vision of the spin-waves characteristics in two-dimensional antidot lattices is provided, paving the way to the design of tailored nanoscale devices, such as tunable magnonic filters and phase-shifters, with predicted functionalities.

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We theoretically study the spin-wave spectra in magnonic waveguides periodically patterned with nanoscale square antidots. We show that structural changes breaking the mirror symmetry of the waveguide can close the magnonic bandgap. The effect of these intrinsic symmetry breaking can be compensated by adjusted asymmetric external bias magnetic field, i.e., by an extrinsic factor. This allows for the recovery of the magnonic bandgaps. The described methods can be used for developing parallel models for recovering bandgaps closed due to a fabrication defect. The model developed here is particular to magnonics, an emerging field combining spin dynamics and spintronics. However, the underlying principle of this development is squarely based upon the translational and mirror symmetries, thus, we believe that this idea of correcting an intrinsic defect by extrinsic means, should be applicable to spin-waves in both exchange and dipolar interaction regimes, as well as to other waves in general.

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The spin-wave band structure of a two-dimensional bicomponent magnonic crystal, consisting of Co nanodisks partially embedded in a Permalloy thin film, is experimentally investigated along a high-symmetry direction by Brillouin light scattering. The eigenfrequencies and scattering cross sections are interpreted using plane wave method calculations and micromagnetic simulations. At the boundary of both the first and the second Brillouin zones, we measure a forbidden frequency gap whose width depends on the magnetic contrast between the constituent materials. The modes above and below the gap exhibit resonant spin-precession amplitudes in the complementary regions of periodically varying magnetic parameters. Our findings are key to advance both the physics and the technology of band gap engineering in magnonics.

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Measurements of the Faraday rotation at room temperature over the light wavelength range of 300-680 nm for horse spleen ferritin (HSF), magnetoferritin with different loading factors (LFs) and nanoscale magnetite and Fe(2)O(3) suspensions are reported. The Faraday rotation and the magnetization of the materials studied present similar magnetic field dependences and are characteristic of a superparamagnetic system. The dependence of the Faraday rotation on the magnetic field is described, excluding HSF and Fe(2)O(3), by a Langevin function with a log-normal distribution of the particle size allowing the core diameters of the substances studied to be calculated. It was found that the specific Verdet constant depends linearly on the LF. Differences in the Faraday rotation spectra and their magnetic field dependences allow discrimination between magnetoferritin with maghemite and magnetite cores which can be very useful in biomedicine.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Small (20-gauge) Tuohy needles have been introduced for epidural steroid injection to optimize patient comfort and decrease the risk of spinal headache. These needles may be less reliable for indentification of the epidural space than standard 17- or 18-gauge needles because of their small size. We prospectively examined the success rate of lumbar epidural steroid placement with loss-of-resistance (LOR) technique compared with fluoroscopy confirmation. METHODS: One hundred patients without history of lumbar spine surgery were enrolled. A 20-gauge Tuohy needle was placed into the epidural space using LOR to saline. Confidence in epidural placement was recorded (Yes/No). Radiologic contrast was then injected and a fluoroscopic epidurogram interpreted by a blinded radiologist for correct placement, (Yes/No) separate from the clinical process. RESULTS: Reliability of LOR was less than our "gold standard" of fluoroscopy (P <.004). Sensitivity of LOR was 99% and specificity was 27%. Positive and negative predictive values were 92% and 75%. Increased patient age (>70 years) and male sex were associated with poor reliability of LOR (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the reported 99% success rates for epidural placement of standard 17- or 18-gauge Tuohy needles, we observed a success rate of 92%. Small-gauge Tuohy needles are technically more difficult to use than larger needles and may require confirmation with fluoroscopy for correct epidural placement, especially in elderly male patients.

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