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BACKGROUND: Therapeutic climbing exercises are employed for the treatment of shoulder- and knee-joint injuries. However, there is a void in the literature regarding muscle activation levels during the performance of these exercises. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate differences in muscle activation during therapeutic climbing exercises depending on the degree of task difficulty. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of 10 healthy subjects (sex: 4 females, 6 males; age: 27 ± 3 years; climbing experience: 5 ± 3 years) performed three shoulder girdle (i. e., wide shoulder pull, narrow shoulder pull, shoulder row) and two leg extensor (i. e., ascending frontal, ascending sidewards) exercises. Electromyographic (EMG) data were recorded on the right side for eleven muscles and then normalised using the maximum voluntary contractions for each muscle. RESULTS: With increasing task difficulty, muscle activity in all but one muscle (i. e., m. trapezius ascendens) increased significantly for the three shoulder girdle exercises. For the two leg extensor exercises, an increase in task difficulty produced a tendency towards yet not significantly higher muscle activity. CONCLUSION: Shoulder row was the most effective therapeutic climbing exercise in the ability to activate muscles while showing the highest EMG signals. The absence of significant differences in muscle activity between the two leg extensor exercises indicates their equivalent use for muscle activation during therapy.

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UNLABELLED: Rudolf Steiner, the founder of anthroposophy, suggested the development of visualisation methods for "etheric formative forces". The essential methods, their "spiritual scientific" basis and indications are described and their claims critically tested. SUMMARY: The methods are not validated, the key criteria for diagnostic tests (reproducibility, sensitivity, specifity) are not given.

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PROBLEMS: Soccer as a Stop-and-Go-sport goes along with a high level of physical strain on the locomotor system. Compared to similar kinds of sports, soccer is characterized by a high prevalence of overloads/injuries in the pelvic region. Since soccer frequently involves one-sided shot-training, modifications in the pelvic statics are possible. METHODS: In a pilot study including 15 football-players-FP (age 26.9 +/- 3.1 yrs; 4.4 +/- 0.4 training units/week+ 1 leaque game) the pelvic statics was measured using the 3-d-recording system CMS70 (Zebris, Germany) directly before and after a defined shot training. The positions of the right and the left posterior superior iliac spines - PSIS were compared. Additionally, the stiffness of selective muscles was analyzed. RESULTS: Before intervention the right PSIS was heightened in 8 FP. In 4 FP the pelvic statics was balanced and in 3 FP the right PSIS was abased. After the shot training, the pelvic statics was balanced in 4 FP. In contrast, 10 FP showed a higher right PSIS and 1 FP had a lower right PSIS. However, modifications of the pelvic statics were detected in all directions. DISCUSSION: Our study demonstrates modification of the pelvic statics by asymmetric soccer-specific strains, but the reactions were individually different. It is possible, that changes in the pelvic statics may lead to changed function or overstrain of advertising muscles.

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Neurotransmitter release at chemical synapses occurs when synaptic vesicles fuse to the presynaptic membrane at a specialized site termed the active zone. The depolarization-induced fusion is highly dependent on calcium ions, and, correspondingly, the transmission characteristics of synapses are thought to be influenced by the spatial arrangement of voltage-gated calcium channels with respect to vesicle release sites. Here, we review the involvement of the Drosophila Bruchpilot (BRP) protein in active zone assembly, a process that is required for the clustering of presynaptic calcium channels to ensure efficient vesicle release.

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PROBLEMS: Boxer that take part on contests regularly are characterized by high strains on the locomotor system. Especially the area of shoulder girdle and neck can be overused by the fighting posture and standard techniques, that are often associated with non-physiological patterns. METHODS: Of 11 young boxers (age 14.6 +/- 0.6 years; 7.3 +/- 0.6 training units per week) and a control group (CG) of 52 male pupils (age 15.4 +/- 0.4 years) the static of head, shoulder girdle, and pelvis was detected by somatoscopy. Additionally, cyclical rotations of the cervical spine were measured using the 3-d-motion recording system CMS70 (Zebris, Germany) and the active range of motion was analysed. RESULTS: In comparison to the CG, head and shoulder of the boxers were ventralised more often (p < 0.01). Furthermore, highly significant group differences in the bilateral position of the shoulder heights and the iliac crests were detected in the frontal plane. On average, the active maximal rotation of the boxers was decreased by 17.8 degrees (p = 0.006; d = 0.800). DISCUSSION: Our study was able to detect significant differences in the analysed functional parameters of the locomotor system that may be explained by boxing specific strains and which are prerequisites of optimal performance. As long-term pathologic effects can not be excluded, adequate compensational exercises should be integrated in the training.

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The following experiments on male and female mice of the strain AB Jena Halle were designed to study the effect of various light regimens on the body weight during the postnatal development from birth to 60 days of age. Characteristic phases of the increase in weight appear in both cyclic illumination (12L:12D, 50 lux) and constant light (24 L, 50 lux). These phases are dependent upon the wavelength and the effective period of light. Such a phase is pronounced in the puberal period in which was found a relationship between the body weight and the wavelength. At the end of the experiments, remarkable low body weights appear in red exposition in both sexes, specially in the females. Continuous white or coloured light effects, in principle, a more distinctive sec-dimorphism of the body weight than 12L:12D, because the increase of the body weight of the males is higher in 24L: as in 12L: 12D. Female mice did not show such a reaction. It follows from the results that various light regimens and various light qualities influence the postnatal increase of body weight.

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Binephrectomized rats treated with high doses of ketoleucine (0.5 g/rat per 20 hr) expired after about 45 hr. In contrast, survival time was 100% 60 hr after ureteral ligation. In comparison to animals receiving low-protein diets, addition of leucine to the diet almost doubled muscle and liver protein content whereas ketoleucine increased liver protein during the first 40 hr after operation about 1.5-fold. Skeletal muscle protein content was enhanced in the ureter-ligated rats with administration of ketoleucine. There was also about a 10-fold elevation in liver glycogen and total carbohydrate content between the 20th and 60th hr in binephrectomized rats fed leucine at 5-hr intervals. In skeletal muscle glycogen, there were no significant differences among the acutely uremic rats fed at 10-hr intervals low-protein diets alone or supplemented with leucine or ketoleucine. Leucine inhibits glycogenolysis by lowering phosphorylase alpha activity in muscle and liver, whereas ketoleucine enhances glycogenolysis in acute uremia. In rats supplemented with letoleucine, there is a progressive inactivation of glycogen synthetase I which occurs in parallel with increasing phosphorylase alpha activity. In binephrectomized rats receiving leucine supplements at 5-hr feeding intervals, the activity of liver glycogen synthetase I increases up to a maximum of 90% of total enzyme activity.

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