RESUMEN
The effect of ecdysteroid signaling on Drosophila female precopulatory behavior was investigated using two types of mutants with either globally reduced ecdysteroid availability or reduced expression of ecdysone receptors in fruitless neurons, known to control sexual behavior. While being courted by males, mutant females performed significantly less full ovipositor extrusion behavior to reject male copulation attempts. Ecdysteroid depleted females (ecdysoneless(1)) performed male-like courtship behaviors, including unilateral wing extension and song production with patterns very similar to male courtship song. These results support the hypothesis that ecdysteroids modulate female sexual behavior, perhaps acting as a regulator of sexual motivation, and as a component affecting the performance of sex specific behavior patterns.
Asunto(s)
Drosophila/fisiología , Ecdisteroides/fisiología , Receptores de Esteroides/fisiología , Conducta Sexual Animal , Animales , Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Femenino , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Masculino , Interferencia de ARNRESUMEN
Temperature-dependent induction of ecdysteroid deficiency in the ecdysoneless mutant ecd(1) adult Drosophila melanogaster results in altered courtship behavior in males. Ecdysteroid deficiency brings about significantly elevated male-male courtship behavior including song production resembling that directed toward females. Supplementation with dietary 20-hydroxyecdysone reduces male-male attraction, but does not change motor activity, courtship patterns or attraction to females. These observations support the hypothesis that reduced levels of ecdysteroids increase the probability that male fruit flies will display courtship behaviors to male stimuli.
Asunto(s)
Drosophila melanogaster/fisiología , Ecdisteroides/fisiología , Conducta Sexual Animal , Animales , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
Maropitant (Cerenia), a selective neurokinin(1) receptor antagonist, was evaluated for safety and efficacy in treatment and prevention of acute vomiting due to various etiologies in dogs in a randomized clinical trial. Two-hundred seventy-eight dogs were enrolled from 29 veterinary hospitals. Two-hundred fifty-two were evaluable for efficacy, while 275 were evaluable for safety. A randomized block design was utilized (three maropitant- and one placebo-treated dog per block). Initial treatment was maropitant at 1 mg/kg body weight (0.45 mg/lb) or an equivalent volume of saline (placebo) administered subcutaneously. On the subsequent 1 to 4 days, maropitant or placebo (dependent on allocation) was administered subcutaneously or orally at approximate 24-h intervals as needed. Oral doses were administered as maropitant tablets using unit dosing to deliver a minimum dose of 2 mg/kg body weight (0.9 mg/lb) or equivalent numbers of similar placebo tablets. Dogs and housing were observed twice daily for evidence of vomiting. Emesis was significantly (P Asunto(s)
Quinuclidinas/uso terapéutico
, Vómitos/veterinaria
, Administración Oral
, Animales
, Perros
, Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos
, Femenino
, Inyecciones Subcutáneas
, Masculino
, Antagonistas del Receptor de Neuroquinina-1
, Quinuclidinas/administración & dosificación
, Quinuclidinas/farmacología
, Vómitos/tratamiento farmacológico
, Vómitos/etiología
RESUMEN
Previous studies have identified the presence of coronary baroreceptors in animal models. We set up a study to explore the presence of coronary baroreceptors in humans, which was performed with isolated, graded aortic root perfusion in patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. With ethical approval 12 patients with normal coronary arteries, aged 58-75 (mean 69) years undergoing mitral valve surgery were recruited to the study with informed consent. Those with aortic valve incompetence, coronary, or peripheral artery disease and diabetes mellitus were excluded. They were randomized to have their coronary perfusion pressure set low at 50 mmHg for 90 seconds and then adjusted high to 80 mmHg for 90 seconds (group L-H) or the reverse sequence (group H-L). Average arterial pressure and approximately constant systemic flow over 30-second periods were used to calculate vascular resistance (SVR). The first six experiments followed initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamping but before the delivery of cold blood cardioplegia; the blood temperature for these experiments was kept at 32 degrees C. The remaining six were conducted prior to removal of the aortic cross clamp at 37 degrees C. Coronary sinus blood samples were analyzed to exclude myocardial ischemia. Coronary sinus blood samples showed insignificant variation in oxygen saturation, lactate, and troponin T. Three patients were excluded because of unstable blood pressure. In the (L-H) group SVR reduced in 4 of 4 remaining patients (mean -9.4%, range -3.9 to -19.6%). In the (H-L) group SVR increased in three patients (mean +2.0%, range 1.1 to 3.7%) but decreased in two (-8.9% and -15.8%). These preliminary results, although not statistically different, suggest the presence of coronary baroreceptors in humans. The reflex vascular responses are similar to those previously reported in animal models.
Asunto(s)
Barorreflejo , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Puente Cardiopulmonar/métodos , Vasos Coronarios/fisiopatología , Circulación Extracorporea , Anciano , Femenino , Paro Cardíaco Inducido , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Válvula Mitral/cirugía , Modelos Anatómicos , Proyectos PilotoRESUMEN
In a private practice setting, 16 patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma received cisplatinum 50 mg/m2, doxorubicin 50 mg/m2, and cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 every three weeks. Growth factor support using filgrastim was initiated on the first cycle of therapy and each subsequent cycle. Sixteen patients were entered into the study with 13 being evaluable. No patient had previously received chemotherapy. The overall response rate was 54% with two complete responses (15%) and five partial responses (38%). Stable disease was seen in 46% of patients. Progression-free survival was observed to be a median of 8.5 months for a complete response, a median of 8.5 months for a partial response and a median of 7 months for stable disease. Fifteen percent of the patients and 3% of all chemotherapy cycles had febrile neutropenic events. There were no deaths due to myelotoxicity. Only one patient required a dose reduction due to neutropenia. Four of the 13 patients required dose reductions due to previous nadir thrombocytopenia. Grade 4 granulocytopenia occurred in 28% of treatment cycles and grade 3 granulocytopenia occurred in 12% of treatment cycles. The use of filgrastim (G-CSF) allowed patients to stay on therapy for an average of seven treatments. Neutropenia was not the dose-limiting toxicity from this dose-intense regimen.
Asunto(s)
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Endometriales/tratamiento farmacológico , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos/administración & dosificación , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidad , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/mortalidad , Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/patología , Carcinoma Adenoescamoso/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Adenoescamoso/mortalidad , Carcinoma Adenoescamoso/patología , Cisplatino/administración & dosificación , Ciclofosfamida/administración & dosificación , Cistadenocarcinoma Papilar/tratamiento farmacológico , Cistadenocarcinoma Papilar/mortalidad , Cistadenocarcinoma Papilar/patología , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Doxorrubicina/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias Endometriales/mortalidad , Neoplasias Endometriales/patología , Femenino , Filgrastim , Humanos , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/mortalidad , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Neutropenia/prevención & control , Proteínas Recombinantes , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Evidence is provided that macrophages can make M-1 or M-2 responses. The concept of M-1/M-2 fomented from observations that macrophages from prototypical Th1 strains (C57BL/6, B10D2) are more easily activated to produce NO with either IFN-gamma or LPS than macrophages from Th2 strains (BALB/c, DBA/2). In marked contrast, LPS stimulates Th2, but not Th1, macrophages to increase arginine metabolism to ornithine. Thus, M-1/M-2 does not simply describe activated or unactivated macrophages, but cells expressing distinct metabolic programs. Because NO inhibits cell division, while ornithine can stimulate cell division (via polyamines), these results also indicate that M-1 and M-2 responses can influence inflammatory reactions in opposite ways. Macrophage TGF-beta1, which inhibits inducible NO synthase and stimulates arginase, appears to play an important role in regulating the balance between M-1 and M-2. M-1/M-2 phenotypes are independent of T or B lymphocytes because C57BL/6 and BALB/c NUDE or SCID macrophages also exhibit M-1/M-2. Indeed, M-1/M-2 proclivities are magnified in NUDE and SCID mice. Finally, C57BL/6 SCID macrophages cause CB6F1 lymphocytes to increase IFN-gamma production, while BALB/c SCID macrophages increase TGF-beta production. Together, the results indicate that M-1- or M-2-dominant macrophage responses can influence whether Th1/Th2 or other types of inflammatory responses occur.
Asunto(s)
Macrófagos Peritoneales/inmunología , Macrófagos Peritoneales/metabolismo , Células TH1/metabolismo , Células Th2/metabolismo , Animales , Arginina/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Femenino , Inmunofenotipificación , Activación de Linfocitos , Activación de Macrófagos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos DBA , Ratones Desnudos , Ratones SCID , Óxido Nítrico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Especificidad de la Especie , Bazo/citología , Bazo/inmunología , Bazo/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/biosíntesis , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/fisiologíaRESUMEN
For a selected group of 17 patients following cardiac surgery, 33 discrete elements of nursing workload have been defined. It was possible to identify 3 broad types of activity undertaken by the bedside nurse; technical nursing care (Type 1), intermittent nursing care (Type 2), and learning activities (Type 3). The latter is the balance of the nurses time which is largely concerned with observation and liaison with other staff. The 17 patients comprised 4 groups of pathologies, 2 each representative of the adult and paediatric workload. The primary bedside nurse performs virtually all of the Type 1 activities, recruiting the assistance of a secondary nurse principally to change the patients' posture (a Type 2 activity). The only practically significant period of time spent by the secondary nurse is in clinical discussion with the bedside nurse, largely at change of shift. Statistically significant differences in bedside nursing activities between age groups can be explained by the relative physical size of the patients and equipment. However the nurse maintains a higher level of awareness with shorter periods of inattention when nursing children. A greater number of significant differences between pathologies were found within the paediatric group of patients; this may indicate that a broader spectrum of such differences is to be found in this age group. An estimate was made of the impact of computer technology on the nurse's bedside workload.