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Both spore and vegetative forms of Bacillus species have been used as probiotics, and they have high stability to the surrounding atmospheric conditions such as heat, gastric conditions, and moisture. The commercial Bacillus probiotic strains in use are B. cereus, B. clausii, B. coagulans, B. licheniformis, B. polyfermenticus, B. pumilus, and B. subtilis. These strains have antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and vitamin production properties. However, Bacillus probiotics can also produce toxins and biogenic amines and transfer antibiotic resistance genes; therefore, their safety is a concern. Studies on the microbiome using probiotic Bacillus strains are limited in humans. Most microbiome research has been conducted in chicken, mouse, and pig. Some Bacillus probiotics are used as fermentation starters in plant and soybean and dietary supplement of baking foods as a probiotic carrier. This review summarizes the characterization of Bacillus species as probiotics for human use and their safety, microbiome, and probiotic carrier.
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Brown seaweeds are well-known source of bioactive compounds, which are producing a variety of secondary metabolites with promising bioactive properties. Traditionally, seaweeds used as ingredients in medicine for many centuries in Asian countries. However, the protective mechanisms of many metabolites found in seaweeds are remains to be determined. Thus, applications of seaweeds are limited because of poor understanding of their structural features and mechanisms responsible for their bioactive properties. In the present study, anti-inflammatory properties of fucoidan isolated from the brown seaweed Padina commersonii (PCF) was evaluated against LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. PCF was characterized using NMR, FT-IR, and HPAE-PAD spectrum (for mono sugar composition). It was observed that PCF is rich in fucose and sulfate as well as a similar structure to the commercial fucoidan. Western blots and RT-qPCR analysis were used to determine the protective effects of PCF after LPS challenge using RAW 264.7 macrophages. According to the results, PCF significantly down-regulated LPS-activated mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88 which are known inducers/activators of NF-κB transcriptional factors. The results, obtained from this study demonstrated PCF has a potential to inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses via blocking TLR/MyD88/ NF-κB signal transduction.
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Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/patología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Citosol/efectos de los fármacos , Citosol/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones , Monosacáridos/análisis , Factor 88 de Diferenciación Mieloide/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Células RAW 264.7 , ARN Mensajero/genéticaRESUMEN
In recent decades, attention to cancer-preventive treatments and studies on the development of anticancer drugs have sharply increased owing to the increase in cancer-related death rates in every region of the world. However, due to the adverse effects of synthetic drugs, much attention has been given to the development of anticancer drugs from natural sources because of fewer side effects of natural compounds than those of synthetic drugs. Recent studies on compounds and crude extracts from marine algae have shown promising anticancer properties. Among those compounds, polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds play a principal role as anticancer agents. Especially, a number of studies have revealed that polysaccharides isolated from brown seaweeds, such as fucoidan and laminaran, have promising effects against different cancer cell types in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we reviewed in vitro and in vivo anticancer properties reported for fucoidan and laminaran toward various cancer cells from 2013 to 2016.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Glucanos/farmacología , Phaeophyceae/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , HumanosRESUMEN
Probiotic characteristics of Bacillus subtilis P223 isolated from kimchi were investigated in this study. Spore cells of B. subtilis P223 showed high tolerance to artificial gastric juice (pH 2.5, 0.3% pepsin, 3 h) and bile salts (0.3% oxgall, 24 h). Spore cells of B. subtilis P223 showed more adherence to intestinal cells (HT-29 cells) than vegetative cells. In addition, B. subtilis P223 showed high autoaggregation ability, similar to a commercial strain (Bacillus clausii ATCC 700160). Moreover, its coaggregation abilities with pathogens were strong. The adherence of three pathogens (Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) to HT-29 cells was inhibited by B. subtilis P223. It was found that B. subtilis P223 could not produce ß-glucuronidase, a carcinogenic enzyme. However, it had amylase and protease activities. Antibiotic susceptibility was measured using disk diffusion assay. It was revealed that B. subtilis P223 was only resistant to streptomycin among eight kinds of antibiotics. In addition, B. subtilis P223 showed no hemolysis activity. It did not have enterotoxin genes. Results of this study suggest that B. subtilis P223 isolated from kimchi has potential as a probiotic strain.
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The present study was designed to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Sea hare eggs (SE) in U937 cells and its major active components. The aqueous extract of SE (ASE), which contained the highest protein content, dose-dependently inhibited the cancer cell's growth (IC50 value, 10.42 ± 0.5 µg/mL). Additionally, ASE markedly caused DNA damage by inducing apoptotic body formation, DNA fragmentation, and accumulation of sub-G1 DNA contents. ASE induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and 9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) by regulating the expression of Bcl-2/Bax. Moreover, among its molecular weight fractions, the > 30 kDa fraction showed the highest cell-growth-inhibitory effects, which was inhibited by heat treatment. Furthermore, the > 30 kDa fraction had markedly higher glycine content than the ASE. The presence of two protein bands at around 16 and 32 kDa was identified. In addition, two fractions, F1 and F2, were obtained using anion-exchange chromatography, with the F1 having an improved cell-growth-inhibitory effect than the > 30 kDa fraction. Taken together, these results suggest that the ASE contains glycine-rich proteins, including the active 16 and 32 kDa proteins, which account for its anti-cancer effects by inducing apoptosis via regulation of the mitochondrial pathway.
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Restoration of river deltas involves diverting sediment and water from major channels into adjoining drowned areas, where the sediment can build new land and provide a platform for regenerating wetland ecosystems. Except for local engineered structures at the points of diversion, restoration mainly relies on natural delta-building processes. Present understanding of such processes is sufficient to provide a basis for determining the feasibility of restoration projects through quantitative estimates of land-building rates and sustainable wetland area under different scenarios of sediment supply, subsidence, and sea-level rise. We are not yet to the point of being able to predict the evolution of a restored delta in detail. Predictions of delta evolution are based on field studies of active deltas, deltas in mine-tailings ponds, experimental deltas, and countless natural experiments contained in the stratigraphic record. These studies provide input for a variety of mechanistic delta models, ranging from radially averaged formulations to more detailed models that can resolve channels, topography, and ecosystem processes. Especially exciting areas for future research include understanding the mechanisms by which deltaic channel networks self-organize, grow, and distribute sediment and nutrients over the delta surface and coupling these to ecosystem processes, especially the interplay of topography, network geometry, and ecosystem dynamics.