RESUMEN
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and related bacterial products can be recognized by host inflammatory cells in a particulate, bacterium-bound form, as well as in various soluble, released forms. In the present study we have compared the mechanisms used by LPS, detoxified LPS (DLPS), and mannuronic acid polymers (M-polymers), in solution or covalently linked to particles, in stimulating monocytes to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. The addition of recombinant LPS binding protein (LBP) and/or soluble CD14 (sCD14) enhanced the production of TNF from monocytes stimulated with soluble LPS, DLPS, or M-polymer, but did not affect the response to M-polymer or DLPS attached to particles. Treatment of monocytes with antibody to CD14, CD18, or CD11b showed that CD14, but not CR3 (CD11b/CD18), mediated monocyte TNF production in response to the soluble antigens. In contrast, anti-CD14, anti-CD11b and anti-CD18 monoclonal antibodies all inhibited the response to the particulate stimuli. On the other hand, B975, a synthetic analog of Rhodobacter capsulatus lipid A, completely abrogated the monocyte TNF response induced by LPS but did not affect the TNF induction by DLPS or M-polymer, either in soluble or particulate forms. These data demonstrate that the engagement of immune receptors by bacterial products such as LPS, DLPS, and M-polymer is dependent upon the presentation form of their constituent carbohydrates, and that factors such as aggregation state, acylation, carbohydrate chain length, and solid versus liquid phase of bacterial ligands influence the mechanisms used by cells in mediating proinflammatory responses.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Fase Aguda , Alginatos/farmacología , Antígenos CD18/fisiología , Receptores de Lipopolisacáridos/fisiología , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , Animales , Células CHO , Proteínas Portadoras/fisiología , Cricetinae , Ácido Glucurónico , Ácidos Hexurónicos , Antígeno de Macrófago-1/fisiología , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesisRESUMEN
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polymers of the uronic acid family stimulate monocytes to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The TNF-inducing potency of these polysaccharides may depend on their supramolecular configuration. In this study detoxified LPS and uronic acid polymers have been covalently linked to particles which have been added to monocytes under serum-free conditions. Reducing the size of mannuronan from 350,000 to 5,500 Da (M-blocks) led to a 10- to 100-fold reduction in TNF-inducing potency. However, covalently linking the M-blocks to monodisperse suspensions of magnetic particles increased the TNF-inducing potency by up to 60,000-fold. Also, the TNF-inducing potency of glucuronic acid polymers was increased when they were linked to particles, but no potentiation was observed with guluronic acid blocks covalently attached to particles. Furthermore, O chains of LPS (detoxified LPS) became potent TNF inducers when they were presented to monocytes on a particle surface. No activation of the LPS-responsive SW480 adenocarcinoma cells was found with detoxified LPS or M-block particles, suggesting a preference for cells expressing CD14 and/or other membrane molecules. The potentiating effects were not restricted to polymers attached to aminated magnetic particles. Of particular interest, we found that short blocks of mannuronan induced TNF production also when covalently linked to biodegradable, bovine serum albumin particles.
Asunto(s)
Glucuronatos/farmacología , Ácidos Hexurónicos , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Monocitos/inmunología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesis , Ácidos Urónicos/farmacología , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Células Cultivadas , Medio de Cultivo Libre de Suero , Glucuronatos/química , Ácido Glucurónico , Humanos , Lipopolisacáridos/química , Lipopolisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Microesferas , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Polímeros , Poliestirenos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Ácidos Urónicos/química , Ácidos Urónicos/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
The method of activated swelling of polymer particles developed by the authors allows the preparation of monodisperse spherical beads of predictable size from 1 to 100 microns in diameter. The polymer particles may be prepared from a number of different monomeric materials and with various morphologies including macroporous structures. The porous beads form the basis for magnetizable monodisperse polymer particles which have magnetic iron oxides distributed as small grains all through the volume of the beads. The magnetic particles are being used extensively for selective cell separation and for immunomagnetic separation within microbiology and molecular biology. A review of recent work within these fields is given. New methods for positive cell separation are announced.
Asunto(s)
Separación Inmunomagnética/métodos , Polímeros , Purgación de la Médula Ósea/métodos , Separación Celular/métodos , ADN/aislamiento & purificación , Inmunoensayo , Tamaño de la PartículaRESUMEN
A new method using traditional hybridization methodology, coupled with the new magnetic particle technology, has been developed for DNA purification, specifically for sequencing applications. The method is similar to the reverse hybridization blot system; however, a specific oligonucleotide probe was attached to the paramagnetic particle instead of a sheet membrane. The target DNA containing the complementary sequence of the probe hybridizes to the probe that is attached to the bead and is then magnetically removed from solution, washed and collected. This system eliminates the need of organic extractions and precipitation/concentration steps. The entire hybridization-purification system can be done in a 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tube making the method ideal for automation. M13 phage clones were purified with this method, both by manual means and by using the CATALYST 800 Molecular Biology LabStation fitted with a prototype magnetic station, and then sequenced. DNA sequencing results obtained with this system were reproducible and gave excellent length of read with low background.