RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Compared with other racial groups, South Asian adults develop type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease at a lower body mass index (BMI). Perceptions of weight and the effect of weight on health can influence weight-loss attempts but are not well described in this population. The objective of this study was to examine perceptions of weight appropriateness and the effect of weight on health among South Asian Americans. METHODS: We recruited 75 South Asian American adults from a single metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States. During individual, face-to-face interviews, we asked participants what they think about their weight and how weight affects their health. We measured their weight and height and calculated BMI. Each interview was audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and translated into English. We conducted analyses using NVivo software. A second investigator coded 20% of interviews to verify coding consensus. RESULTS: Sixty-seven percent of participants were overweight or obese; 40% of overweight participants and 12% of obese participants perceived themselves to be normal weight or underweight. Forty-eight percent of overweight and 82% of obese participants believed their weight affected their health. Participants commonly cited physical problems as being associated with their weight, but few connected their weight with risk for chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: South Asian Americans may underestimate their weight status and the effect of their weight on their risk for chronic diseases. Interventions to promote weight loss among South Asian Americans should focus on modifying perceptions of normal weight and personalizing the relationship between overweight and chronic diseases.
Asunto(s)
Asiático/psicología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Obesidad/etnología , Obesidad/psicología , Sobrepeso/etnología , Sobrepeso/psicología , Adulto , Anciano , Estatura , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Chicago , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevención & control , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Investigación Cualitativa , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Little is known about how best to target cardiovascular health promotion messages to minorities. This study describes key lessons that emerged from a community and culture-centered approach to developing a multimedia, coronary heart disease (CHD) patient education program (PEP) for medically underserved South Asian immigrants. METHODS: The prototype PEP integrated the surface structures (e.g. language) and deeper structures (e.g. explanatory models (EMs), values) of South Asians' socio-cultural context. Seven focus groups and 13 individual interviews were used to investigate South Asians' reactions and obtain qualitative feedback after viewing the culturally targeted PEP. Qualitative data were organized into emergent thematic constructs. RESULTS: Participants (n=56) mean age was 51 years and 48 % were Hindi speakers. Community members had a strong, negative reaction to some of the targeted messages, "This statement is a bold attack. You are pin-pointing one community." Other important themes emerged from focus groups and interviews about the PEP: 1) it did not capture the community's heterogeneity; 2) did not sufficiently incorporate South Asians' EMs of CHD; and 3) did not address economic barriers to CHD prevention. Feedback was used to revise the PEP. CONCLUSION: A community and culture-centered approach to developing cardiovascular health promotion messages revealed tensions between the researcher's vantage point of "cultural targeting" and the community's perceptions and reactions to these messages. Engaging communities in every phase of message design, incorporating their EMs, recognizing community heterogeneity, and addressing economic and structural barriers, are critical steps to ensuring that health promotion messages reach their intended audience and achieve true cultural appropriateness.
Asunto(s)
Servicios de Salud Comunitaria/métodos , Enfermedad Coronaria/etnología , Características Culturales , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud/etnología , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Educación del Paciente como Asunto/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Asia/etnología , Enfermedad Coronaria/prevención & control , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/educación , Femenino , Grupos Focales , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Grupos Minoritarios/educación , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated South Asians' explanatory models (EM) of CHD and compared them to the biomedical model as part of an effort to inform the development of culturally targeted CHD prevention messages. METHODS: We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews in English, Hindi and Urdu with 75 respondents from a federally qualified health center and at a community center for South Asian immigrants in Chicago, Illinois. RESULTS: While EMs of CHD included risk factors from the biomedical model, they also included psychosocial and spiritual risk factors. Respondents emphasized that stress causes CHD and suggested that CHD was caused by sudden or inexplicable factors. Few respondents discussed cholesterol, blood pressure, or diabetes as part of CHD prevention. Women and those with lower education had low perceptions of being at-risk for CHD. CONCLUSION: South Asians' EMs of CHD encompassed the biomedical model; however, EMs also included psychosocial and spiritual factors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians and health educators should be aware that South Asian individual's EM of CHD may include psychosocial and spiritual factors which can affect CHD prevention behaviors.
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Enfermedad Coronaria/prevención & control , Enfermedad Coronaria/psicología , Adulto , Asia Sudoriental/etnología , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Chicago , Enfermedad Coronaria/etnología , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , EspiritualidadRESUMEN
To identify concepts of health and disease as part of a study on designing culturally-targeted heart disease prevention messages for South Asians. We conducted qualitative, semi-structured interviews in English, Hindi and Urdu with 75 respondents from a federally qualified health center and at a community center for South Asian immigrants in Chicago, Illinois. Age ranged from 20 to 70 years; 60% were women; 60% held advanced degrees; 70% migrated to the US in the last 10 years; and 60% of the interviews were in Hindi or Urdu. Concepts of health and disease fell into four domains: behavioral, physical, psycho-social and spiritual. Muslim participants consistently evoked spiritual factors such as faith and prayer. Women more frequently included performing home duties and positive affect in their concept of health. Men more frequently cited behavioral factors such as smoking and drinking as the cause of disease. Many South Asians have a holistic conceptualization of health and disease, incorporating spiritual, physical and psycho-social factors. Health promotion strategies aimed at South Asians in the US should take into account this holistic model of health and disease, while also recognizing that variations exist within South Asians, by gender and religion.
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Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Adulto , Anciano , Asia/etnología , Chicago/epidemiología , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud/etnología , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Investigación Cualitativa , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although South Asians are at higher risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) than most other U.S. racial/ethnic groups, very little research has addressed this disparity. PURPOSE: As a first step in developing culturally targeted CHD prevention messages for this rapidly growing community, this study examined South Asians' knowledge and beliefs about CHD. METHODS: Analyses, conducted in 2009, were based on data collected from January to July 2008 in a cross-sectional study population of 270 South Asian adults in Illinois. Interviews were conducted in English, Hindi, or Urdu using a standardized questionnaire. Multivariate regression models were used to examine the associations between sociodemographics and CHD knowledge and attitudes about preventability. RESULTS: Eighty-one percent of respondents had one or more CHD risk factors. Most participants (89%) said they knew little or nothing about CHD. Stress was the most frequently mentioned risk factor (44%). Few mentioned controlling blood pressure (11%); cholesterol (10%); and diabetes (5%) for prevention. Fifty-three percent said that heart attacks are not preventable. Low education level, being interviewed in Urdu or Hindi, and low level of acculturation were associated with less knowledge and believing that CHD is not preventable. CONCLUSIONS: A majority of South Asians in this study believed that CHD is not preventable and had low awareness of modifiable risk factors. As a first step, CHD education should target the knowledge gaps that may affect risk factor control and behavior change. Educational messages may need to be somewhat different for subgroups (e.g., by education and language) to be maximally effective.
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Asiático/psicología , Enfermedad Coronaria/psicología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Adulto , Anciano , Asiático/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedad Coronaria/prevención & control , Estudios Transversales , Escolaridad , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Illinois/epidemiología , India/etnología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Pakistán/etnología , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Osseointegration of implants in irradiated bone is inadequate. The effect of radiation on cell-implant material interaction has not been adequately studied. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of ionizing radiationon the proliferation, differentiation, and attachment of osteoblasts to commercially pure titanium (cpTi). Human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB) were irradiated either before or after plating in tissue culture (TC) dishes with or without cpTi disks. Radiation was single dose of 10 cGy, 25 cGy, 50 cGy, 1 Gy, 2 Gy, 4 Gy or 8 Gy. Cell proliferation was determined by counting trypsinized cells on 7 days after irradiation. Attachment of irradiated hFOB was measured indirectly by counting cells 2 and 6 h after plating. Differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity. Compared with nonirradiated sham controls, higher doses of radiation significantly reduced cell attachment and proliferation. Both proliferation and attachment were significantly lower on cpTi compared with TC. Attachment decreased based on the length of postirradiation period. Although differentiation was significantly enhanced by a dose of 8 Gy, proliferation was lowest. These initial studies show that effects of therapeutic doses of radiation on osteoblasts varied depending on the surface, time-elapsed, and amount of radiation.
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Rayos gamma , Implantes Experimentales , Osteoblastos/citología , Osteoblastos/efectos de la radiación , Fosfatasa Alcalina/metabolismo , Adhesión Celular/efectos de la radiación , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular/efectos de la radiación , Humanos , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Osteoblastos/enzimología , Propiedades de Superficie/efectos de la radiación , Titanio/metabolismoRESUMEN
For successful tissue engineering in surgical radiotherapy patients, irradiated endothelial cells (EC) must form new blood vessels to nourish and build connections with the engineered segment. Therefore, it is critical to understand neovasculogenesis by irradiated EC. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ionizing radiation on endothelial cell proliferation and capillary-like structures (CLS) formation. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) were irradiated with single or fractionated doses of radiation. Proliferation was determined by counting cells. CLS morphology was analyzed from photomicrographs. A single dose of 8 Gy radiation was highly lethal to HUVEC compared to lower dosage. A single dose had more of an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation compared to the same dose delivered in a fractionated manner. CLS formation began after cells reached confluency. To form a CLS, a single cell expanded, and a number of cells rearranged around its periphery in an oval fashion (mimicking a vessel wall). The central cell later disintegrated leaving a void, mimicking the lumen. Irradiated EC can form CLS, although they are fewer and smaller compared to those by sham cells. By disrupting the peripheral cells, >or=4 Gy doses significantly reduced the number of CLS. The disruptive affect was seen more with large CLS compared to small CLS. At different doses, the shapes of CLS were not significantly different.
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Células Endoteliales/efectos de la radiación , Rayos gamma , Recuento de Células , Proliferación Celular/efectos de la radiación , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de la radiación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta en la Radiación , Células Endoteliales/citología , Células Endoteliales/fisiología , Humanos , Neovascularización Fisiológica/efectos de la radiaciónRESUMEN
Although sodium hypochlorite is routinely used as an irrigant, the scope and limitation of another hypohalide sodium hypobromite has not been adequately studied. The objective of this study was to compare the cytotoxic effects of sodium hypobromite and sodium hypochlorite on human osteoblasts by evaluating cell proliferation. One day after plating and every other day after that, cells were treated with a combination of sodium hypochlorite and sodium bromide, resulting into three molar ratios of activated sodium hypobromite. Positive control cells were not treated with hypohalides, while negative controls were separately treated with hypochlorite or bromide alone. Photomicrographic analysis of the cultures was done on days 1 and 6 of treatment. Trypsinized cells were counted to determine cell proliferation. Our results show that sodium bromide is more cytotoxic compared to sodium hypochlorite or activated sodium hypobromite. In activated sodium hypobromite, 4:1 molar ratio was less cytotoxic compared to other molar ratios.
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Bromatos/toxicidad , Bromuros/toxicidad , Osteoblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/toxicidad , Compuestos de Sodio/toxicidad , Análisis de Varianza , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Feto/citología , Humanos , Hipoclorito de Sodio/toxicidad , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of infraorbital ethmoid cells on panoramic radiographs. Infraorbital ethmoid (Haller's) cells are extensions of ethmoid air cells into the areas of the orbit and maxillary sinus and may be seen when present on panoramic radiographs. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective study, 233 panoramic radiographs were examined for infraorbital ethmoid cells. A diagnostic criterion was developed to identify infraorbital ethmoid cells on panoramic radiographs. RESULTS: Sixty panoramic radiographs were discarded because the orbital outline was not seen. Of the 173 panoramic radiographs, the prevalence of infraorbital ethmoid cells was 38.2% (30.8% for men and 40.3% for women). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence on panoramic radiographs was within the range of prevalence on CT examinations reported by others.