RESUMEN
This is the first study to show the genetic identity of the Altai-Sayan population of the forest reindeer of the Kuznetsk Alatau (Rangifer tarandus valentinae). The population is characterized by the existence of unique mitochondrial lines, the absence of signs of introgression of domestic rein deer mtDNA, as well as a low level of genetic diversity. In the sample studied, only two nucleotide substitutions (both of them transitions) were revealed, the nucleotide diversity (0.0015 ± 0.00136) was almost ten times lower than in most populations of wild reindeer in Russia and was comparable only with that of some wild reindeer populations of Norway and Svalbard. The haplotype diversity (h) was also relatively low (0.615 ± 0.102).
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Variación Genética/genética , Reno/genética , Animales , Bosques , Haplotipos/genética , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
Microsatellite alleles are detected by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) that provides a manifold increase in the number of copies (amplification) of a given DNA fragment. The fragment visualization can be reached by two different methods. These are fragment analysis by capillary electrophoresis in denaturing gel and frag- ment separation in non-denaturing gel with subsequent gel staining. The first method is more accurate and automated, but expensive. The second method is much cheaper but less convenient. It requires manual pro- cessing and is presumably less accurate. In this study, we present the results of comparison of the allele typing at nine microsatellite loci using these two methods for one of the species of Pacific salmon, sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum. In most cases, both methods give identical fragment sizes or a constant differ- ence if the alleles are relatively small (not larger than 200-220 bp).
Asunto(s)
Electroforesis Capilar/métodos , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Salmón/genética , Alelos , Animales , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodosRESUMEN
Based on the structure of the D-loop control region of mitochondrial DNA, the genetic diversity of moose of West Siberia was evaluated and their placement within the structure of current species population was determined. It was noted that the values of genetic diversity exceed the values of analogous indices obtained for western groups of the species. Three haplogroups were identified in the population structure: European- Ural, West Siberian, and American.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Haplotipos , Rumiantes/genética , Animales , SiberiaRESUMEN
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) appears to be a suitable tool for solving various tasks of popu- lationgenetics. Information on genetic basis of immunity facilitates understanding of evolutionary his- tory and assessment of current state and prospects of studied population/species survival. On the one hand, MHC variability is maintained through pathogen dependent mechanisms, i.e., directional selection of individuals resistant to diseases, that are present in the environment and balancing selection which gives advantage to those individuals carrying unusual or rare alleles of MHC genes. On the other hand, MHC genes have an influence on reproduction efficiency of individuals. Because of MHC polygeny, its studying requires an application of methods that introduce additional stages between amplification of a certain gene segment and its sequencing. In the article, different tech- niques of allele separation are considered, as well as a simplified version of MHC variability analysis based on the examination of microsatellite loci. Despite the high information value of MHC, it is still not used in zoological studies as often as it deserves. Using as an example predatory mammals of Felidae family which contains quite a few threatened species, we show that a majority of studies on MHC in wild cats is descriptive ones and only few of them deal with genes comparative analysis. The rise of interest to the studies of major histocompatibility complex in non-model species may help not only in solving the fundamental problems of evolution and phylogenetic structure of the family but also in planning the measures for conservation of rare and endangered species exposed to various anthropogenic stresses.
Asunto(s)
Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Variación Genética/fisiología , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad/fisiología , Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad/fisiología , Animales , Gatos , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
An analysis of polymorphism of the fragment of the control region of mitochondrial DNA of 53 tissue samples of the brown bear Ursus arctos from several regions of the eastern part of Russia was carried out. It was found that most of the described haplotypes belong to cluster 3a, the most common in Eurasia, and do not form regionally specific haplogroups. However, among the bears from Western and Eastern Siberia, as well as the island of Kunashir, three haplotypes were identified, which are close to the haplogroup typical of Eastern Hokkaido bears. The assumption was made of the existence in Siberia and the Far East of one or more Pleistocene refugia.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Evolución Molecular , Región de Control de Posición/genética , Ursidae/genética , Animales , Variación Genética , Haplotipos , Filogeografía , Polimorfismo Genético , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
The genetic diversity of the Uralian moose population and the role of the Ural region in the phylogeographic structure of the European moose were evaluated based on sequence polymorphisms of the mtDNA control region. The nucleotide diversity of the Ural moose was low, whereas haplotype diversity was rather high. It was found that the haplotype pool of the Ural moose reflects both the unique features of their mitochondrial lineages and their connection with Alces alces alces populations of Europe and West Siberia. The structure of median networks and the territorial haplotype distribution support the hypothesis that the mitochondrial lineages typical for this part of the European moose area originate from a late Pleistocene refugium that was located in the Urals.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Rumiantes/genética , Animales , Europa (Continente) , Genética de Población , Haplotipos , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Rumiantes/clasificación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , SiberiaRESUMEN
An analysis of 130 tissue specimens of the European (Capreolus capreolus) and the Siberian (C. pygargus) roe deer from nine regions of Russia and Ukraine using microsatellite loci analysis was conducted, aimed at the identification of hybrid animals. An optimized complex of 21 microsatellite loci was selected for the determination of species specificity and the search for interspecies hybrids. Hybrid animals were revealed in the Moscow and Volgograd regions. Their ratio in the total sample obtained in the European part of Russia was 11.9%.
Asunto(s)
Quimera/genética , Ciervos/genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Animales , FilogeografíaRESUMEN
Genetic diversity ofwild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) inhabiting the European part of Russia, including Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk oblast, Murmansk oblast, and the Republic of Karelia was characterized using sequence polymorphism of the mtDNA control region. Despite of currently low population number of wild reindeer, they were characterized by a high level of genetic diversity (pi = 0.018; H= 0.872 to 0.914). Phylogenetic analysis showed close relationships between European reindeer and wild reindeer of Siberia. In reindeer from Murmansk oblast a haplotype in common with the wild reindeer form Southwestern Norway was described. The reindeer sample examined contained no haplotypes earlier described for the reindeer of Central Norway. It is suggested that in recent past wild reindeer from the European north of Russia formed one population with the reindeer from the north of the Asian part of Eurasia.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial , Polimorfismo Genético , Reno/genética , Animales , Variación Genética , Haplotipos/genética , Región de Control de Posición , Noruega , Filogenia , Federación de Rusia , SiberiaRESUMEN
Analysis of polymorphism of the gene for cytochrome b (1140 bp) of 106 samples of red deer (Cervus elaphus) of Eurasia is carried out, and the phylogenetic relationships of groups throughout the entire geographic range, including North America, are reconstructed. In total, the paper describes 75 haplotypes, 33 of them for the European and 42 for the Asian part of the geographic range. Common haplotypes for these two parts of the range were not found. The genetic kinship of Asian Siberian stags and North American wapiti is confirmed. Red deer living in Yakutia are close to the Siberian stags of Altai and Tuva, whereas red deer that live in Krasnoyarsk krai and Irkutsk oblast form a separate group. Overall, the reconstructed phylogeographic structure of the species is significantly different from the accepted subspecies differentiation based on morphological characters.
Asunto(s)
Citocromos b/genética , Ciervos/genética , Filogeografía , Animales , Asia , Europa (Continente) , Haplotipos/genética , Mitocondrias/genética , América del Norte , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMEN
Analysis the of cytochrome b gene (1140 b.p.) polymorphism and polymorphism of 79 specimens of the control region (934 b.p.) of mtDNA of the Siberian roe deer Capreolus pygargus from 23 regions of Russia and Kazakhstan has been carried out. The combined alignment of two fragments ofmitochondrial DNA revealed 36 haplotypes, which are distributed in three haplogroups. The net distance was 0.8, 1.3, and 1.3%. The specific pattern of haplogroups was described for roe deer of each region (Ural, trans-Ural, Eastern Siberia, Far East, Northeastern China). Unrelated haplogroups were found in populations of the Urals and Siberia. The variation pattern and spatial distribution of mitochondrial lines allowed us to suggest that a haplogroup that initially belongs to C. p. tianschanicus occurs secondarily in C. p. pygargus.
Asunto(s)
Citocromos b/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Ciervos/genética , Variación Genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Animales , Haplotipos/genética , Kazajstán , Mitocondrias/genética , Filogenia , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
Based on an analysis of the polymorphism of nucleotide sequences (n = 111) of the control region (left domain) of mtDNA, the genetic diversity of the largest population of wild reindeer Rangifer tarandus in Eurasia, which inhabits Taimyr peninsula, was studied. High levels of gaplotypic (H) and nucleotide (pi) diversity (0.987 and 0.018, respectively) were revealed, which indicate the long existence of this population and the sufficiently stable growth of the population. The absence of long periods of abrupt decrease in the number of the Taimyr population of wild reindeer and/or facts of formation of its genetic diversity as a result of mixing of genetically distant conspecific populations is supported by the data on the distribution pattern of frequencies of pair differences between nucleotide sequences and the topology of the phylogenetic tree. The low level of genetic differences between reindeer from the western, central, and eastern groups reflects their common origin and close kinship.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Filogenia , Polimorfismo Genético , Reno/genética , Animales , Genética de Población , SiberiaRESUMEN
Polymorphism of the nucleotide sequence of a hypervariable fragment of the D-loop (985 bp) of mtDNA in 76 Goitered gazelles of subspecies Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa from Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan was studied. The genetic similarity of gazelles from Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan has been identified. The population of gazelles from Shirvanskaya steppe reserve (Azerbaijan) is unique and strictly isolated from other groups studied. A high haplotypic (H = 0.9649 +/- 0.0091) and relatively low nucleotide diversity (pi = 0.0212 +/- 0.0105) were noted for all investigated groups of gazelle based on this mtDNA fragment, which is probably related to ecological peculiarities of the species and the history of formation of regional populations.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Variación Genética , Rumiantes/clasificación , Rumiantes/genética , Animales , Azerbaiyán , Evolución Molecular , Haplotipos/genética , Mutación/genética , Filogenia , Filogeografía , Turkmenistán , UzbekistánAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Peces , Peces/parasitología , Larva/parasitología , Parásitos/genética , Parásitos/patogenicidad , Animales , Enfermedades de los Peces/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Peces/fisiología , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Océanos y Mares , Parásitos/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , ARN Ribosómico 18S/análisis , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , VietnamRESUMEN
Using to analysis of hypervariable fragment polymorphism in the control region of mitochondrial DNA (268 bp), the genetic variability of Swan goose Anser cygnoides L., included in the first category of endangered species in the Russian Red Book, has been investigated. Samples from the two main groups nesting in Russia-the Far Eastern group (Khabarovsk krai, n = 38) and the Dauric group (Chita region, n = 10) were examined. Eleven haplotypes were described. The genetic diversity of Swan geese was low comparable with that observed in some other globally endangered Eurasian goose species. Nucleotide and haplotype diversity of goose from Khabarovsk krai was 0.0031 and 0.65, respectively; in those from Chita region, 0.0041 and 0.80; and for in total group, 0.0074 and 0.77, respectively. No identical haplotypes in Swan goose from Far Eastern and Daurical groups have been demonstrated. However, the small sample size does not allow us to make final conclusions on the degree of genetic differentiation between these groups.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Gansos/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Animales , Femenino , Haplotipos , Masculino , SiberiaRESUMEN
This brief review of phylogeohraphy - the new field of study concerned with the principles and processing governing the geographic distribution of genealogical lineages (mainly within and among closely related species), is focused on the importance of the ecological approach in understanding of the molecular-genetic data. The comparative phylogeohraphy as one of the most promising lines of investigation in this respect is considered. Comparisons of the phylogeohraphical patterns and ecological traits of representatives of separate ecosystems, regional faunas, systematically close species, "host-parasite" complexes etc. give an opportunity to touch the ground of the microevolutionary processes.
Asunto(s)
Ecosistema , Filogenia , Vertebrados/clasificación , Vertebrados/genética , AnimalesRESUMEN
The structure of the left part of the mtDNA control region has been studied in Delphinapterus leucas captured in summer in the southern Sea of Okhotsk. The data have been compared with published results of similar studies on D. leucas at different sites along the American coast. A high specificity of maternal lineages of D. leucas from the southern Sea of Ok.
Asunto(s)
Ballena Beluga/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Filogenia , Animales , América del Norte , Océanos y Mares , SiberiaRESUMEN
Genetic diversity within the northern subspecies group of musk deer Moschus moschiferus L, 1758 was examined based on the mtDNA control region hypervariable fragment (300-bp) sequence polymorphism. Nucleotide diversity, constituting 2.6% for the whole sample (n = 34), varied in the range from 0.6 to 1.9% for individual subspecies. Maximum values of this index were observed for Siberian subspecies (M. m. moschiferus), which had the widest range. Genetic similarity between the haplotypes of the musk deer from the Far East (Russia) and Sakhalin Island, which grouped in one cluster in a phylogenetic tree, was demonstrated. The data obtained indicate that the distribution of musk deer along the territory of Russia occurred from Eastern Siberia to the Far East, and from there to the Sakhalin Island. A currently observed decrease of the musk deer population number along with the increased habitat fragmentation can result in a decrease of the total genetic diversity and in inbreeding depression in the local isolated groups.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Ciervos/genética , Variación Genética , Animales , Femenino , Filogenia , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMEN
The mitochondrial DNA D-loop hypervariable fragment sequence polymorphism was examined in 27 Mongolian gazelles from Mongolia, Russia, and China. Intraspecific polymorphism of the D-loop fragment examined was demonstrated. All haplotypes described were unique. The average nucleotide diversity (pi) for the mtDNA fragment investigated constituted 5.85 +/- 2.92%. A relatively high number of insertions and deletions was observed. In particular, a haplotype with the 77-bp insertion was described. The data obtained point to high genetic diversity of Mongolian populations. There was no correlation between the distribution of haplotypes examined and geographical location of the animal tissue sampling sites.