RESUMEN
Aflatoxins (AF) are highly toxic and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolites and have been detected in various food commodities including pistachio nuts. Pistachio nuts were produced in Iran during March 2002-February 2003 analyzed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) using immunoaffinity column and quantitated by HPLC and/or TLC-scanner. In this regard, 3356 pistachio nut samples were collected. After dividing samples to sub-samples, 10,068 AF analyses were done. Among 10,068 samples analyzed, AFB1 was detected in 3699 samples (36.7% of the total) with the mean and median of 5.9 (+/-41.7) ng/g and 0.1 ng/g, respectively. Total AF (AFT) was detected in 2852 samples (28.3% of the total) with the mean and median of 7.3 (+/-53.2)ng/g and 0.4 ng/g, respectively. AFB1 level in 1191 samples (11.8%) was above the maximum tolerated level (MTL) of AFB1 in pistachio nut in Iran (5 ng/g). Regarding AFT, the mean contamination level (7.3 ng/g) was lower than MTL of AFT in pistachio nut in Iran as well as lower than the proposed draft maximum level of Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants for AFT (15 ng/g), and only 7.5% of samples had levels above the MTL.
Asunto(s)
Aflatoxinas/análisis , Seguridad de Productos para el Consumidor , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Pistacia/química , Aflatoxina B1/análisis , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Análisis de los Alimentos , Humanos , Inmunoensayo/métodos , Incidencia , Irán , Dosis Máxima Tolerada , Pistacia/microbiologíaRESUMEN
AL amyloidosis is a systemic disease caused by the deposition of fibrillar proteins in organs and tissues. These deposits are responsible for organic dysfunctions and may be rapidly lethal. Current therapy is unsatisfactory. We describe three clinical cases of multisystemic AL amyloidosis but with different initial presentation: nephrotic syndrome, cardiac failure and hepatic insufficiency. We review the literature about the clinical features, diagnostic methods and treatment of the disease.