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Rhamnolipids are amphiphilic compounds secreted by bacteria and possess the emulsification ability. Emulsification ability makes microbial surfactants an excellent candidate for assisting in the breakdown and removal of oil spills. Rhamnolipids have been demonstrated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. This suggests that rhamnolipids play vital roles in the medical, agricultural, bioremediation etc. In the present study, bacterial strain VM011 was isolated from organic farm soil, located nearby Zuari River in Durbhat (Goa, India), where farmlands were irrigated by borewell water. Isolated bacterial strain VM011 was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa per the Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The Rhamnolipid production ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa VM011 was confirmed using NaCl-methylene blue agar method. Furthermore, rhamnolipid produced by P. aeruginosa VM011 emulsify the combustible hydrocarbon such as kerosene (lamp oil). As produced rhamnolipids has an oil-like appearance and consists of two different rhamnolipid confirmed by thin layer chromatography data-di-rhamnolipid with Rf value = 0.16 and mono-rhamnolipid with Rf value = 0.37.

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Halophilic bacteria were isolated from oil spill samples collected from West-coast of Goa. Bacteria were isolated from oil studded soil, salt marsh and offshore samples (A, A7, CSM, CB and CM) collected along the West coastline in Goa (India) i.e. Arambol beach, Calanguate beach, Candolim beach and Colva beach on Zobell Marine agar, R2A agar, Mannitol salt agar and Blood agar at temperature 22 to 24 °C. Isolates showed growth in the presence of hydrocarbons (1% phenanthrene and 2% bitumen). Diverse profiles of pigments were observed on different nutrient medium. Color of pigments produced on agar media recorded as per standard color chart. All isolates showed different growth pattern. Isolate no 11 (GOACSMMS-11) showed three different morphological features/growth patterns on Zobell Marine Agar and R2A medium in the presence of hydrocarbons. Results obtained yield new information which gives a clear idea about morphological features and pigmented profiles of hydrocarbon resistant morphotypes in the presence different media compositions. The presented datasets will be useful for studies on bacterial species showing high sequence similarity. Hence, generated data serves as a benchmark for to distinguish between genetically similar bacteria and for further research in phenotype based microbial diversity, microbial ecology of microorganisms and microbial systematics and taxonomy in addition to genotype data.

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In this paper, we presented the datasets generated using Chose Game representation (CGR) and Choase Game Representation of Frequencies (FCGR) of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA sequences. The data in the form of graphical representations was yielded with the help of ENDMEMO tool. The computational representation of these data datasets is useful for studies and interpretation of microbial sequences. Based on a technique from chaotic dynamics, the method produces a picture of any gene (DNA and RNA) sequence which displays both local and global patterns. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes can be identified merely based on their generated visual representation/DNA structures.

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A total of five highly related strains of an unidentified marine bacterium were analyzed through their short genome sequences (AM260709-AM260713). Genome-to-Genome Distance (GGDC) showed high similarity to Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (X67024). The generated unique Quick Response (QR) codes indicated no identity to other microbial species or gene sequences. Chaos Game Representation (CGR) showed the number of bases concentrated in the area. Guanine residues were highest in number followed by cytosine. Frequency of Chaos Game Representation (FCGR) indicated that CC and GG blocks have higher frequency in the sequence from the evaluated marine bacterium strains. Maximum GC content for the marine bacterium strains ranged 53-54%. The use of QR codes, CGR, FCGR, and GC dataset helped in identifying and interpreting short genome sequences from specific isolates. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) using MEGA6 software. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out using EMBL-EBI MUSCLE program. Thus, generated genomic data are of great assistance for hierarchical classification in Bacterial Systematics which combined with phenotypic features represents a basic procedure for a polyphasic approach on unambiguous bacterial isolate taxonomic classification.

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A total of 16 strains of hyperthermophilic Thermotoga complete genome sequences viz. Thermotoga maritima (AE000512, CP004077, CP007013, CP011107, NC_000853, NC_021214, NC_023151, NZ_CP011107, CP011108, NZ_CP011108, CP010967 & NZ_CP010967), Thermotoga neapolitana (CP000916, & NC_011978) and Thermotoga thermarum (CP002351 & NC_015707) complete genome sequences were retrieved from NCBI BioSample database. ENDMEMO GC used for creation of data on GC content in Thermotoga sp. DNA sequences. Maximum GC content was observed in Thermotoga strains AE000512 & NC_000853 (69 %GC), followed by NZ_CP011108, CP011108, NZ_CP011107, NC_023151, NC_021214, CP011107 & CP004077 (68.5 %GC), followed by NZ_CP010967 & CP010967 (68.3 %GC), followed by CP000916, CP007013 & NC_011978 (68 %GC), followed by CP002351 & NC_015707 (67 %GC) strains. The use of GC dataset ratios helps in higher level hierarchical classification in Bacterial Systematics in addition to phenotypic and other genotypic characters.

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A total of 21 thermophilic bacteria were isolated and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. Sequences were submitted to NCBI website. Short DNA sequences JN392966-JN392972; KC120909-KC120919; KM998072-KM998074 and KP053645 strains were downloaded from NCBI BioSample database. ENDMEMO GC calculating tool was used for calculation of maximum, minimum and average GC percentage and graphical representation of GC content. Data generated indicate 20 short DNA sequences have maximum GC content ranged from 60% to 100% with an average GC content 52.5-59.8%. It is recorded that Bacillus sp. W7, Escherichia coli strain NW1 and Geobacillus thermoleovorans strain rekadwadsis strains showed GC content maximum up to 70%; Actinobacterium EF_NAK1-7 up to 85.7%, while Bacillus megaterium and E. coli strain NW2 showed GC content maximum to 100%. Digital data on thermophilic bacteria isolated from Unkeshwar hot springs would be useful for interpretation of presence of biodiversity in addition to phenotypic, physiological characteristics and data generated through 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology.

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A total of 13 short DNA sequences of quality control strains (MCC 2052, MCC 2077, MCC 2078, MCC 2080, MCC 2309, MCC 2322, MCC 2408, MCC 2409, MCC 2412, MCC 2413, MCC 2415, MCC 2483 and MCC 2515) were retrieved from NCBI BioSample database and generated quick response (QR) codes for sequences. 16S rRNA was used for creation of Chaose Game representation (CGR), Chaose Game Representation of Frequencies (FCGR) and measurement of GC percentage. Digital data in the form of QR codes, CGR, FCGR and GC plot would be useful for identification, visual comparison and evaluation of newly isolated strains with quality control strains. The digital data of QR codes, CGR, FCGR and GC content all the quality control strains are made available to users through this paper. This generated digital data helps to evaluate and compare newly isolated strains, less laborious and avoid misinterpretation of newly isolated species.

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Complete genome sequences of two uncultured archaea (BX649197 and CR937008) and 10 uncultured bacteria (AC160099, FP245538-FP245540, FP312972, FP312974-75, FP312977, FP312985 and NZ_JPJG01000067) were used for creation of digital data of tRNA. tRNAscan-SE and ENDMEMO GC calculating tools were used for detection of tRNA, drawing their structures and calculation of GC percent. Seven archaeal and 48 bacterial tRNA were detected from above 12 sequences. Four archaeal and 30 bacterial tRNA showed cove score more than 20% are called as true tRNA. Three tRNA of uncultured bacteria (AC160099) has the presence of the variable loop. The tRNA of FP245540, FP245575, FP245577 and FP245585 has one variable loop each. The true tRNA of archaea were Alanine, Arginine and Cysteine-type tRNA, while the majority of bacteria true tRNA classified as Alanine, Glutamic acid, Isoleucine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline and Valine-type tRNA with cove score ranged from 70% to 97.15%. Archaeal and bacterial have GC content approximately 43% and 34.7-63.3% respectively. Archaeal tRNA has 60.4-64.2% GC content. Similarly, bacterial tRNA contributed 49.3-66.3% GC content to the total GC content. This generated data is useful for studies on diversity of tRNA among prokaryotes.

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Microbiologists are routinely engaged isolation, identification and comparison of isolated bacteria for their novelty. 16S rRNA sequences of Bacillus pumilus were retrieved from NCBI repository and generated QR codes for sequences (FASTA format and full Gene Bank information). 16SrRNA were used to generate quick response (QR) codes of Bacillus pumilus isolated from Lonar Crator Lake (19° 58' N; 76° 31' E), India. Bacillus pumilus 16S rRNA gene sequences were used to generate CGR, FCGR and PCA. These can be used for visual comparison and evaluation respectively. The hyperlinked QR codes, CGR, FCGR and PCA of all the isolates are made available to the users on a portal https://sites.google.com/site/bhagwanrekadwad/. This generated digital data helps to evaluate and compare any Bacillus pumilus strain, minimizes laboratory efforts and avoid misinterpretation of the species.

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16S rRNA sequences of morphologically and biochemically identified 21 thermophilic bacteria isolated from Unkeshwar hot springs (19°85'N and 78°25'E), Dist. Nanded (India) has been deposited in NCBI repository. The 16S rRNA gene sequences were used to generate QR codes for sequences (FASTA format and full Gene Bank information). Diversity among the isolates is compared with known isolates and evaluated using CGR, FCGR and PCA i.e. visual comparison and evaluation respectively. Considerable biodiversity was observed among the identified bacteria isolated from Unkeshwar hot springs. The hyperlinked QR codes, CGR, FCGR and PCA of all the isolates are made available to the users on a portal https://sites.google.com/site/bhagwanrekadwad/.

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This paper reports the impact of oil spills and tar-ball pollution on the coastal ecosystem of Goa. The factors responsible for degrading the marine ecosystem of the Goan coastline are analyzed. Uncontrolled activities were found to degrade the marine and coastal biodiversity, in turn polluting all beaches. This had a direct impact on the Goan economy through a decline in tourism. The government must adopt the necessary control measures to restore Goan beaches and the surrounding coastal areas.

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As a part of ongoing studies in developing new Tyrosinase inhibitors, a class of structurally novel 2-(2,4-dimethoxy phenylamino)-5 methylene-4-thiazolinone derivatives were synthesized by incorporating 2-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenylamino)-thiazol-4-one with various 1-(1-methyl-buta-1,3-dienyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde. The results showed that some of the synthesized compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activities. Especially, 5-[3-(2-chloro-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylmethylene]-2-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenylamino)-thiazol-4-one (5h) and 5-[3-(3-chloro-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylmethylene]-2-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenylamino)-thiazol-4-one (5g) possessing 2-chloro-phenyl and 3-chloro-phenyl group exhibited the most potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC(50) value of 34.12 and 52.62 µM, respectively. The inhibition mechanism analysis of 5h and 5g thiazolidinone derivatives demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of the compounds on tyrosinase were reversible and competitive. Preliminary structure-activity relationships (SAR) analysis suggested that further development of such compounds might be of interest, as it manifests simple reversible slow binding inhibition against monophenolase and diphenolase.

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Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a complex metalloflavoprotein, overproduction of which usually leads to a pathological condition called Gout. XO inhibitors may prove to be promising antigout agents. Present investigation describes synthesis, characterization and evaluation of 26 thiazolo-pyrazolyl derivatives V(a-z) for XO inhibitory and free radical scavenging activities. Derivatives Vq, Vo and Vh showed most promising XO inhibitory and free radical scavenging activities on the basis of their IC(50) values ranging from (6.5-9 µM). Significant dock scores compared with Allopurinol have been figured out using molecular docking. Evaluation of Vq, Vo and Vh for both the activities for first time may provide a new approach for antigout research.

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This is the first report on aurones as a new class of drugs with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents. A series of 2,2-bisaminomethylated aurone analogues (4a-j) were synthesized by Mannich reaction from 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene in three steps. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, (1)H NMR and mass spectral analysis. All the synthesized compounds were screened against the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) and antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) activity. Compounds 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, and 4e showed promising results against IL-6 at 10 microM concentration (74-100%). Compounds 4a, 4b and 4c were found to be active against TNF-alpha (76-100%) at 10 microM. Interestingly, all compounds have shown good antimicrobial activity. Compounds 4d, 4e and 4f showed excellent antimicrobial activity as compared with standard drugs.

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A novel series of 1-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-propenone (3) have been prepared by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 1-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethanone (1) and substituted 1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes (2). Substituted 1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes (2) were prepared by Vilsmeir-Haack reaction on acetophenonephenylhydrazones to offer the target compounds. The structures of the compounds were established by IR, (1)H NMR and mass spectral analysis. All the compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory (TNF-alpha and IL-6 inhibitory assays), antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging assay) and antimicrobial activities (agar diffusion method) against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Of 10 compounds screened, compounds 3a, 3c and 3g exhibited promising IL-6 inhibitory (35-70% inhibition, 10 microM), free radical scavenging (25-35% DPPH activity) and antimicrobial activities (MIC 100 microg/mL and 250 microg/mL) at varied concentrations. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) and in silico drug relevant properties (HBD, HBA, PSA, cLogP, molecular weight, E(HOMO) and E(LUMO)) further confirmed that the compounds are potential lead compounds for future drug discovery study. Toxicity of the compounds was evaluated theoretically and experimentally and revealed to be nontoxic except 3d and 3j.

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