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Within 5 days of hypoxia there was an increase in thyroid functional activity, but on days 15-30 there was a decrease in T3 and T4 concentrations and an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone. Clear correlations were found between the morphometric indices of the thyroid epithelium and the blood concentration of T3 and T4. There was a relationship between the levels of thyroid hormones and the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

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A systemic review of disease histories delivered from hospitals and outpatient clinics of the Leningrad region in Leningrad region pathoanatomical bureau to examine quality of diagnosis and treatment led to organization of the Expertise Centre of Medical Service Quality at the bureau. The Centre participates in licensing and accreditation of medical activity in the Leningrad region. For the patients this Centre is an instrument of legal control providing help in defencing their rights.

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Complex cytological and ultrasound study was conducted in 300 patients with thyroid pathology exposed to 5-250 cSv. Benign goiter changes and autoimmune thyroiditis were detected in 66.2% while malignant thyroidal nodules--in 3.7%. Benign and autoimmune changes alone were in 38%. Pathomorphological features of nodular changes and autoimmune thyroiditis patterns as well as their ultrasound representations were identified.

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The paper is an overview that covers a long historical period that was marked by the first autopsies (under Peter the First), the development of large research schools, the teaching of students, the training of pathologists, the origin of experimental pathology, the appearance of outstanding discoverers (N.N. Anichkow, A.A. Maximov, L.V. Sobolev), and the foundation of the Research Society of Pathologists.

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117 thyroids from patients with autoimmune and nonautoimmune thyroiditis were investigated. The conclusion about morphofunctional state of the thyroids from patients with autoimmune and nonautoimmune thyroiditis were made on the basis of macroscopical, histological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical findings.

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The degree of tensity of ecological and hygienic state of basic factors can be represented in terms of grades. In St. Petersburg three basic factors reach 5 grades in 7-grade scale. These are radiation, water and atmosphere. By radiation contamination St. Petersburg is on the 5th place after Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Rostov and Arkhangelsk. As to the number of thyroid diseases, two rises were observed: in the mid 80s and in the mid 90s. A rise in the incidence of thyroid cancer was particularly evident in 1991-1995. The dominating form was papillary carcinoma.

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We studied the effects of Biopin ointment containing pine resin and used for the therapy of burns, wounds, and purulent and inflammatory diseases on the cell composition of wounds and histochemical changes in the granulation tissue during the therapy of extensive third-degree burns. The preparation stimulated the nonspecific immune response, normalized hemodynamics in damaged regions, and stimulated cell proliferation in the squamous epithelium.

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138 thyroids from citizens of St-Petersburg born in this city who died suddenly were investigated macro-, microscopically and morphometrically. The average weight was 23.72 g, being maximal at the age of 20-29 years and minimal in persons over 70 years of age. A slight increase of the weight occurred between 40 and 49 years of age. Nodular lesions were found in 8.7%. Normoplastic type of structure was observed in 84.6%. Areas of asynchronous functioning were found in all the cases. It is possible to describe age-specific normal condition of the thyroid according to morphometric data: aging results in a decrease of the follicle diameter, an increase of thyrocyte height and nuclear diameter, a decrease of Brown index, growth and thickening of fibrillar structures. There were no convincing data in favour of endemia.

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121 thyroids of fetuses after 25 weeks of gestation and newborns of mothers living in St-Petersburg were investigated. The conclusions on morpho-functional state of the thyroid at late terms of intrauterine development and newborns in St-Petersburg were made on the basis of macroscopical, histological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical findings.

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Indices of systemic and local immunity of gastric mucosa were studied in patients with chronic gastritis (n = 27), epithelial dysplasia of gastric mucosa (n = 13), early gastric carcinoma (n = 9) and advanced gastric carcinoma (n = 6). Local immunity was estimated by calculation of lymphocytes and plasma cells expressing IgA and IgM in the epithelium of stomach mucosa. Systemic immunity was studied by radial diffusion according to Manchini's method. This approach provides objectivization of morphological results, particularly in endoscopic biopsies, and therefore to improvement of the patient examination and diagnosis of early cancer.

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Thyroid lesions were histologically studied on surgical material obtained in 1992-1996 in 12 regions of Russian Federation and Republic of Belarus. Various forms of thyroid pathology were considered with reference to local ecological situation. An increase of thyroid carcinoma incidence and particularly that of papillary carcinoma was observed in regions with radiation pollution (Chelyabinsk and Bryansk regions). A high degree of correlation exists between the incidence of various forms of thyroid pathology and radiation situation. This is also true for pollution of sewage and the presence of ferrous metallurgy factories. No correlation was found with the pollution of atmosphere.

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The author presents a new concept of complex relationship between the organism and Candida. According to this concept there is transformation of Candida carriage into invasive candidiasis of the mucous membranes. The idea is formulated on mixed-mycocenosis as association of fungal, bacterial, protozoic and viral biota. For the first time the notion of intermediate preinvasive form of candidiasis is given and clinical, morphological criteria of differential diagnosis between candida carriage, preinvasive and invasive candidiasis of mucous membranes are presented.

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A comparative analysis of results of the pre- and postoperative investigations carried out in 232 patients with gastric ulcerations of different nature has shown a relatively low effectiveness of fibrogastroscopy with biopsy in the recognition of malignant ulcers. The sensitivity of this method was found to be (83 +/- 3)%. The results obtained show the necessity to widen the operative treatment of patients with ulcer disease of the stomach, patients with the so called relative indications included.

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The review analyzes endocrine and immune homeostasis, showing that with aging there is a higher sensitivity to humoral factors and a lower sensitivity to nerve stimuli, thus is why the role of self-regulation, in early atherosclerosis in particular. Endocrine and immune homeostasis is shown to characterize not only the pathological processes in the body, but also to determine the development of immune inflammation in the vascular wall.

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