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OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression and identify the associated factors among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) visiting diabetes clinics of Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Three diabetes clinics in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal, from May to July 2021. PARTICIPANTS: 283 people with T2DM visiting selected diabetes centres of Pokhara Metropolitan. OUTCOME MEASURES: Anxiety and depression were the outcome measures. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire comprising information related to participants' sociodemographic profile and several factors along with Hospital Anxiety and Depression-Anxiety subscale and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to assess the levels of anxiety and depression, respectively. Pearson's Χ2 tests and binary logistic regression were performed to examine association between dependent and independent variables at 5% level of significance. RESULTS: The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 31.4% (95% CI 26.2% to 37.5%) and 36.4% (95% CI 30.8% to 42.0%), respectively. Anxiety was found to be associated with a lower level of perceived social support (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.442, 95% CI 1.020 to 5.845), multiple complications (AOR 2.758, 95% CI 1.015 to 7.334) and comorbidities (AOR 2.110, 95% CI 1.004 to 4.436), severe COVID-19 fear (AOR 2.343, 95% CI 1.123 to 4.887) and sleep dissatisfaction (AOR 1.912, 95% CI 1.073 to 3.047). Economical dependency (AOR 1.890, 95% CI 1.026 to 3.482), no insurance (AOR 2.973, 95% CI 1.134 to 7.093), lower perceived social support (AOR 2.883, 95% CI 1.158 to 7.181), multiple complications (AOR 2.308, 95% CI 1.585 to 6.422) and comorbidities (AOR 2.575, 95% CI 1.180 to 5.617), severe COVID-19 fear (AOR 2.117, 95% CI 1.009 to 4.573), alcohol use (AOR 2.401, 95% CI 1.199 to 4.806) and sleep dissatisfaction (AOR 1.995, 95% CI 1.093 to 3.644) were found to be associated with depression. CONCLUSION: This study showed high prevalence levels of anxiety and depression among people with T2DM. Strengthening social support and focusing on people with diabetes suffering from comorbidity and complications could help to reduce their risk of mental health problems.
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COVID-19 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Humanos , Depresión/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Nepal/epidemiología , Ansiedad/epidemiología , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Background: Preventing the life of the newborn and reducing the entrenched disparity of childhood mortality across different levels is one of the crucial public health problems, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries in the world. Sustainable development goals (SDGs)-3.2 is aimed at terminating all preventable under-five child mortality and shrinking it to 25 per 1000 live births or lower than this by 2030. Several factors have been shown to be linked with childhood mortality. Objective: This review is aimed at pointing out the significant determinants related to under-five child mortality by a systematic review of the literature. Methods: EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus database, and Google Scholar search engine were used for the systematic search of the literature. Special keywords and Boolean operators were used to point out the relevant studies for the review. Original research articles and peer-reviewed papers published in the English language till August 10, 2022, were included in the analysis and synthesis of the results. As per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, out of 299 studies identified from different sources, only 22 articles were ascertained for this study. Eligible articles were appraised in detail, and relevant information was extracted and then integrated into the systematic review. Results: Mother's education, size of child at birth, age of mother at childbirth, place of residence, birth interval, sex of child, type of birth (single or multiple), and birth order, along with other socioeconomic, maternal, child, health facility utilization, and community level variables, were observed as important covariates of under-five mortality. Conclusion: Women's education and easy access to quality healthcare facilities should be the apex priority to lessen childhood mortality.
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Mortalidad del Niño , Instituciones de Salud , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Escolaridad , Lactante , Preescolar , MasculinoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is developed among computer workers due to long time working with computers or viewing of the video display terminal (VDT). The objective of this study is to determine the magnitude and determinants of CVS symptoms among IT officers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study of IT office workers was conducted at Kathmandu from March to April 2019. Self-administrated questionnaire and observation of researcher was applied to collect information. CVS defect was considered if the participants were having minimum of one symptom during /following use of VDT. The proportion of CVS and its association with different independent factors was carried out. RESULTS: The prevalence of CVS reported by 263 participants was 82.5% (95% CI: 81.3% - 83.6%), of them 163(62.0%) were not aware about bad effects of computers to the visual apparatus. Goggles were used as protection against CVS by 140(53.2%) participants. CVS symptoms included headache 127(48.0%), tired eyes 123(47.0%) and eye strain 114(43.0%). Use of computer for more than 4.75 hours/day experienced CVS. The mean office work included 7.7 ± 2.02 hours computer work. The video display gadgets usage in home was 2.7 ± 2.35 hours/ day. Not taking breaks (OR:7.3; 95% CI:2.2 - 24.9), not massaging eyes (OR:7.5; 95% CI:1.2 - 47.7), unusual viewing distance (OR:9.0; 95% CI:2.0 - 44.5), improper posture (OR:3.6; 95% CI:1.3 - 10.3), computer usage for more than 10 hours/ day (OR:5.4; 95% CI:1.6 - 18.2) and not aware of CVS (OR:7.2; 95% CI:2.6 - 20.3) were significant predictors of CVS in IT workers. CONCLUSION: Most of the IT workers had CVS. Health education and care of IT workers based on predictors found need to be strengthened in the study area.